Ihame ryo gusiga irangi ry'umwuka uva mu cyuma gishyuha
1. Ibikoresho n'imikorere ifatika yo gutwikira imvange y'umwuka
Ibikoresho byo gusiga imvange bigizwe ahanini n'icyumba cy'imyanda n'uburyo bwo gusohora. Mu cyumba cy'imyanda, hari aho amazi aturuka (urugero: icyuma gishyushya amazi), icyuma gishyushya amazi n'icyuma gishyushya amazi, icyuma gishyushya amazi, icyuma gishyushya amazi, n'ibindi.
Ibikoresho byo gusiga bishyirwa mu isoko y’umwuka w’icyumba cy’umwuka, kandi mu gihe cy’ikirere kinini cy’umwuka, bishyushywa n’isoko y’umwuka kugira ngo bihinduke. Iyo ikigereranyo cy’ubwikorezi bw’umwuka w ...
Kugira ngo hongerwe uburyo molekile n’ibice by’amazi bifatana, ibice by’amazi bishobora gukoreshwa hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe bukwiye cyangwa isukurwa neza na iyoni. Irangi ry’ibice by’amazi binyura mu nzira zikurikira zisanzwe kuva ku gushonga kw’ibintu, kujyanwa mu buryo bujyanye no gushyira ibintu muri firime.
(1) Hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwo guhindura izindi ngufu mo ingufu zishyushye, ibikoresho bya filime birashyuha kugira ngo bihinduke umwuka cyangwa bihinduke uduce duto tw’umwuka (atome, molekile cyangwa amatsinda y’atome) hamwe n’ingufu runaka (0.1 kugeza 0.3 eV).
(2) Uduce tw’imyuka tuva ku buso bwa firime maze tujyanwa ku buso bw’ubutaka ku muvuduko runaka, mu buryo burambuye nta kugongana, mu murongo ugororotse.
(3) Uduce tw’imyuka tugera ku buso bw’ubutaka duhurira hamwe hanyuma tugakura tukaba firime y’icyiciro gikomeye.
(4) Gutunganya cyangwa guhuza atome zigize filime.
2, Gushyushya umwuka uva mu kirere
(1) Ubudahangarwa bw'ubushyuhe mu gushyuha
Uburyo bwo gushyushya burwanya ubushyuhe ni bwo buryo bworoshye kandi bukoreshwa cyane mu gushyushya, bukoreshwa cyane ku bikoresho byo gutwikira bifite ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 1500℃, ibyuma bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi mu ishusho y'insinga cyangwa urupapuro (W, Mo, Ti, Ta, boron nitride, nibindi) akenshi bikorerwamo ishusho ikwiye y'isoko y'ubushyuhe, byuzuyemo ibikoresho byo gushyushya, binyuze mu bushyuhe bwa Joule bw'amashanyarazi kugira ngo bishonge, bihindure cyangwa bihindure ibikoresho byo gutwikira, imiterere y'isoko y'ubushyuhe irimo ahanini uruziga rw'imigozi myinshi, ishusho ya U, umuraba wa sine, isahani nto, ubwato, igitebo cy'ibuye, nibindi. Muri icyo gihe, uburyo busaba ko ibikoresho byo gushyushya bifite ubushyuhe bwinshi, umuvuduko muto w'umwuka, imiterere ihamye ya shimi, bitagira reaction ya shimi hamwe n'ibikoresho byo gutwikira ku bushyuhe bwinshi, birwanya ubushyuhe neza, impinduka nto mu bucucike bw'imbaraga, nibindi. Bikoresha ubushyuhe bwinshi binyuze mu isoko y'ubushyuhe kugira ngo bishyushye kandi bihindure ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho binyuze mu gushyushya, cyangwa bigashyira ibikoresho bya filime mu cyuma gikozwe muri grafiti na okiside zimwe na zimwe z'icyuma zirwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi (nka A202, B0) n'ibindi bikoresho kugira ngo ubushyuhe butaziguye buhinduke.
Irangi ryo gushyushya rirwanya ubushyuhe rifite imbogamizi: ibyuma birwanya ubushyuhe bifite umuvuduko muke w’umwuka, ibyo bikaba bigoye gukora firime nto; bimwe mu bintu biroroshye gukora icyuma gishyushya hakoreshejwe insinga ishyushya; ntabwo byoroshye kubona imiterere imwe ya firime ivanze. Kubera imiterere yoroshye, igiciro gito no koroshya gukoresha uburyo bwo gushyushya burwanya ubushyuhe, ni uburyo busanzwe bwo gukoresha uburyo bwo gushyushya.
(2) Gushyushya imirasire ya elegitoroniki biva mu mwuka
Uburyo bwo guhumeka ku gikoresho cyo gutwikira hakoreshejwe amashanyarazi menshi ya elegitoroni, bugashyirwa mu cyuma gikonjeshwa n'amazi. Isoko y'ubushyuhe igizwe n'isoko y'amashanyarazi ya elegitoroni, isoko y'ingufu zo kwihutisha electron, icyuma gikonjeshwa n'amazi (ubusanzwe ni icyuma gikonjeshwa n'umuringa), icyuma gikonjeshwa n'amashanyarazi, n'amazi akonjeshwa n'ibindi. Muri iki gikoresho, ibikoresho bishyushye bishyirwa mu cyuma gikonjeshwa n'amazi, naho icyuma gikonjeshwa n'igice gito cyane cy'ibikoresho, mu gihe byinshi mu bisigaye biguma ku bushyuhe buri hasi cyane bitewe n'ubukonje bw'icyuma gikonjeshwa, gishobora gufatwa nk'igice gikonjeshwa n'icyuma gikonjeshwa. Bityo, uburyo bwo gushyushya amashanyarazi ya elegitoroni kugira ngo ihumeke bushobora kwirinda kwanduza hagati y'ibikoresho byo gutwikira n'ibikoresho byo gusohora ubushyuhe.
Imiterere y'isoko ry'umuraba w'amashanyarazi ishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko butatu: imbunda zigororotse (imbunda za Boules), imbunda zizunguruka (zikoresha amashanyarazi) n'imbunda za e-gun (zikoresha amashanyarazi). Imbunda imwe cyangwa nyinshi zishobora gushyirwa mu buryo bwo guhumeka, zishobora guhumeka no gushyiramo ibintu byinshi bitandukanye icyarimwe cyangwa ukwabyo.
Inkomoko y'amashanyarazi y'amashanyarazi afite inyungu zikurikira.
①Ubucucike bwinshi bw'isoko ry'ingufu za electron bombardment bushobora kugira ubucucike bwinshi cyane kurusha isoko y'ubushyuhe irwanya ubukana, ishobora gushonga ibikoresho bifite aho bishongesha byinshi, nka W, Mo, Al2O3, nibindi.
②Ibikoresho byo gusiga bishyirwa mu cyuma gikonjeshwa n'amazi cy'umuringa, gishobora kwirinda imyuka y'ibikoresho biva mu mwuka, ndetse n'ingaruka hagati yabyo.
③Ubushyuhe bushobora kongerwa ku buso bw'ibikoresho byo gusiga, bigatuma ubushobozi bw'ubushyuhe buba bwinshi kandi igihombo cy'ubushyuhe n'imirasire y'ubushyuhe bikaba bike.
Ingorane y'uburyo bwo gushyushya imirasire ya electron ni uko electron z'ibanze ziva mu mbunda ya electron na electron z'inyongera ziva ku buso bw'ibikoresho byo gusiga irangi zigira iyoni mu atome zihumeka n'ibisigazwa bya gazi, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka ku bwiza bwa filime rimwe na rimwe.
(3) Gushyushya inshuro nyinshi biva mu mwuka ushyushye
Gushyushya hakoreshejwe frequency nyinshi ni ugushyira icyuma gishyushya gifite ibikoresho byo gutwikira hagati muri coil yo mu bwoko bwa spiral, kugira ngo ibikoresho byo gutwikira bikore umuyoboro ukomeye wa eddy na hysteresis bitewe n’umuyoboro wa electromagnetic ufite frequency nyinshi, bigatuma urwego rwa filime rushyuha kugeza igihe ruhindukiye rukamera. Isoko ry’umwuka muri rusange rigizwe na coil ikonjeshejwe n’amazi hamwe na graphite cyangwa ceramic (magnesium oxide, aluminium oxide, boron oxide, nibindi). Ingufu zitangwa na frequency nyinshi zikoresha frequency hagati ya Hz ibihumbi icumi kugeza ku bihumbi magana, ingufu z’inyongera ni kilowati kuva kuri magana menshi kugeza kuri magana menshi, uko ingano y’ibikoresho bya membrane iba nto, niko frequency y’amashanyarazi iba iri hejuru. Inshuro ya frequency ya electromagnetic ikoreshwa mu muyoboro w’umuringa ukonjeshejwe n’amazi.
Imbogamizi y'uburyo bwo gushyushya bukoresha frequency nyinshi ni uko butoroshye guhindura neza imbaraga z'ingufu zinjiye, bufite ibyiza bikurikira.
①Igipimo cyo hejuru cy'ubushyuhe
②Ubushyuhe bw'isoko y'amazi ni bumwe kandi buhamye, bityo ntibyoroshye gutuma ibitonyanga byo gutwikira bisandara, kandi bishobora no kwirinda ko habaho utwobo tw'imigozi ku gapapuro k'amazi gashyizwemo.
③Isoko y'amazi ishyirwamo rimwe, kandi ubushyuhe bworoshye kandi bworoshye kubugenzura.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukwakira-28-2022