Ngwa a na-eji teknụzụ ikuku elektrọn eme ka ikuku ghara ịdị. A na-ewepụta elektrọn site na eriri katode ma tinye ya n'ime ọkụ eletrik ụfọdụ, nke ike dị n'etiti katode na ihe mkpuchi ahụ na-eme ka ọ gbazee ma gbazee ihe mkpuchi ahụ. O nwere njirimara nke ike dị elu ma nwee ike ịgbaze ihe mkpuchi ahụ na ebe agbaze nke karịrị 3000 ℃. Ihe nkiri ahụ nwere ịdị ọcha dị elu na arụmọrụ okpomọkụ dị elu.
Ngwaọrụ a nwere isi iyi ikuku elektrọn, isi iyi ion, sistemụ nlekota ọkpụrụkpụ ihe nkiri, nhazi nhazi ọkpụrụkpụ ihe nkiri na sistemụ ntụgharị ọrụ nche anwụ kwụsiri ike. Site na mkpuchi enyere aka na isi iyi ion, a na-amụba obere ihe nkiri ahụ, a na-eme ka ihe ngosi ahụ kwụsie ike, a na-ezerekwa mgbanwe ogologo ebili mmiri n'ihi mmiri. Sistemụ nlekota oge n'ezie nke ọkpụrụkpụ ihe nkiri akpaka zuru oke nwere ike hụ na usoro ahụ na-emegharị ma kwụsie ike. E tinyere ya ọrụ ịgbaze onwe ya iji belata ịdabere na nkà onye ọrụ.
Ngwaọrụ a dabara na ọtụtụ ihe mkpuchi oxide na ihe mkpuchi ígwè, enwere ike iji ihe nkiri anya dị iche iche kpuchie ya, dịka ihe nkiri AR, ihe nkiri ogologo ebili mmiri, ihe nkiri mkpụmkpụ ebili mmiri, ihe nkiri na-eme ka ọ dị mma, ihe nkiri AS / AF, IRCUT, sistemụ ihe nkiri agba, sistemụ ihe nkiri gradient, wdg. Ejirila ya mee ihe nke ọma na iko AR, lenzi anya, igwefoto, lenzi anya, nzacha, ụlọ ọrụ semiconductor, wdg.