Ngesikhathi sokufakwa komswakama, i-nucleation kanye nokukhula kwengqimba yefilimu kuyisisekelo sobuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bokufakwa koketshezi lwe-ion.
1. Ukususwa kwe-nucleation
Inubuchwepheshe bokumboza nge-vacuum evaporation, ngemva kokuba izinhlayiya zengqimba yefilimu zipheshulwe emthonjeni wokuhwamuka ngesimo sama-athomu, zindiza ngqo ziye endaweni yokusebenza nge-vacuum ephezulu bese zakha ungqimba lwefilimu nge-nucleation nokukhula ebusweni bento yokusebenza. Ngesikhathi sokuhwamuka kwe-vacuum, amandla ama-athomu engqimba yefilimu aphuma emthonjeni wokuhwamuka angaba ngu-0.2eV. Lapho ukuhlangana phakathi kwezinhlayiya zengqimba yefilimu kukhulu kunamandla okubopha phakathi kwama-athomu engqimba yefilimu nendawo yokusebenza, kwakha i-nucleus yesiqhingi. I-athomu yengqimba yefilimu eyodwa ihlala ebusweni bento yokusebenza isikhathi eside yenza ukunyakaza okungajwayelekile, ukusabalala, ukufuduka, noma ukushayisana namanye ama-athomu ukuze kwakheke amaqoqo e-athomu. Inani lama-athomu eqoqweni le-athomu lifinyelela inani elithile elibalulekile, kwakheka i-nucleus ezinzile, ebizwa ngokuthi i-nucleus enomumo ofanayo.
ibushelelezi, futhi iqukethe amaphutha nezinyathelo eziningi, okubangela umehluko emandleni okumunca izingxenye ezahlukene zento yokusebenza kuma-athomu anemisebe. Amandla okumunca ebusweni bento engasebenzi makhulu kunalawo obuso obujwayelekile, ngakho-ke iba yisikhungo esisebenzayo, esivumelana ne-nucleation ekhethwayo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-nucleation engenakuqhathaniswa. Lapho amandla okumunca elingana namandla okubopha, noma amandla okubopha phakathi kwama-athomu e-membrane kanye nento yokusebenza makhulu kunamandla okumunca phakathi kwama-athomu e-membrane, kwakheka isakhiwo se-lamellar. Kubuchwepheshe be-ion plating, i-island core iyakhiwa ezimweni eziningi.
2. Ukukhula
Uma ingxenye engaphakathi yefilimu isibunjiwe, iyaqhubeka nokukhula ngokubamba ama-athomu abambekile. Iziqhingi ziyakhula futhi zihlangane ukuze zakhe ama-hemispheres amakhulu, kancane kancane zakha ungqimba lwesiqhingi oluyindilinga olusakazeka phezu kobuso bomsebenzi.
Uma amandla e-athomu engqimba yefilimu ephezulu, angasabalala ngokwanele ebusweni futhi ifilimu eqhubekayo ebushelelezi ingakhiwa lapho amaqoqo e-athomu alandelayo angenayo emancane. Uma ukusabalala kwama-athomu ebusweni kubuthakathaka futhi usayizi wamaqoqo afakiwe mkhulu, akhona njenge-nuclei enkulu ye-peninsular. Ingxenye ephezulu ye-island core inomphumela oqinile wokufiphaza engxenyeni egobile, okungukuthi "umphumela wesithunzi". Ukuvela kobuso kusiza kakhulu ekubambeni ama-athomu afakwe kamuva kanye nokukhula okukhethekile, okuholela ezingeni elikhulayo lokugobile ebusweni ukuze kwakheke amakristalu aqinile noma amakholomu anobukhulu obanele. Ama-voids angena ngaphakathi ayakhiwa phakathi kwamakristalu aqinile futhi inani lobulukhuni bobuso liyakhuphuka. Izicubu ezincane zingatholakala ku-vacuum ephezulu, ngokuncipha kwezinga le-vacuum, isakhiwo esincane se-membrane siba sikhulu futhi siqine.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-24-2023