ʻO ke kānāwai ulu o ka papa kiʻiʻoniʻoni uhi hoʻoheheʻe hakahaka

I ka wā o ka uhi ʻana o ka mahu, ʻo ka nucleation a me ka ulu ʻana o ka papa kiʻiʻoniʻoni ke kumu o nā ʻenehana uhi ion like ʻole.

1.Nucleation

Inʻenehana uhi hoʻoheheʻe vacuum,ma hope o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o nā ʻāpana papa kiʻiʻoniʻoni mai ke kumu hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma ke ʻano o nā ʻātoma, lele pololei lākou i ka mea hana ma ka hakahaka kiʻekiʻe a hana i ka papa kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma o ka nucleation a me ka ulu ʻana ma luna o ka ʻili o ka mea hana. I ka wā o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka hakahaka, ʻo ka ikehu o nā ʻātoma papa kiʻiʻoniʻoni e pakele ana mai ke kumu hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma kahi o 0.2eV. Ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana o ka papa kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma mua o ka ikaika hoʻopaʻa ma waena o nā ʻātoma o ka papa kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me ka mea hana, e hana i kahi nucleus mokupuni. Noho kahi ʻātoma papa kiʻiʻoniʻoni hoʻokahi ma luna o ka ʻili o ka mea hana no ka lōʻihi o ka manawa e hana ana i ka neʻe ʻole, ka hoʻolaha ʻana, ka neʻe ʻana, a i ʻole ke kuʻi ʻana me nā ʻātoma ʻē aʻe e hana i nā hui atomika. ʻO ka helu o nā ʻātoma i loko o ka hui atomika e hiki i kahi waiwai koʻikoʻi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi nucleus paʻa, i kapa ʻia he nucleus ʻano homogeneous.

laumania, a he nui nā hemahema a me nā ʻanuʻu, kahi e hoʻoulu ai i ka ʻokoʻa o ka ikaika adsorption o nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka workpiece i nā ʻātoma radioactive. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka ikehu adsorption o ka ʻili o ka hemahema ma mua o ka ʻili maʻamau, no laila lilo ia i kikowaena hana, kahi e kūpono ai i ka nucleation makemake, i kapa ʻia ʻo heterogeneous nucleation. Ke like ka ikaika cohesive me ka ikaika nakinaki, a i ʻole ka ikaika nakinaki ma waena o nā ʻātoma membrane a ʻoi aku ka nui o ka workpiece ma mua o ka ikaika cohesive ma waena o nā ʻātoma membrane, hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano lamellar. I ka ʻenehana plating ion, hoʻokumu ʻia ka mokupuni core i ka hapa nui o nā hihia.

2. Ka ulu ʻana

Ke hoʻokumu ʻia ke kikowaena o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, hoʻomau ia i ka ulu ʻana ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā ʻātoma i hōʻea mai. Ulu a hui pū nā mokupuni me kekahi e hana i nā hemispheres nui aʻe, e hana mālie ana i kahi papa mokupuni hemispherical e pālahalaha ana ma luna o ka ʻili o ka workpiece.

Ke kiʻekiʻe ka ikehu atomika o ka papa kiʻiʻoniʻoni, hiki iā ia ke hoʻolaha lawa ma luna o ka ʻili a hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni hoʻomau maʻemaʻe ke liʻiliʻi nā hui atomika e hiki mai ana. Inā nāwaliwali ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā ʻātoma ma luna o ka ʻili a nui ka nui o nā hui i waiho ʻia, aia lākou ma ke ʻano he mau nuclei peninsular nui. Loaʻa i ka piko o ka mokupuni kahi hopena pale ikaika ma ka ʻāpana concave, ʻo ia ka "hopena aka". ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka projection o ka ʻili i ka hopu ʻana i nā ʻātoma i waiho ʻia ma hope a me ka ulu makemake, e hopena ana i kahi kekelē hoʻonui o ka concavity ma luna o ka ʻili e hana i nā kristal conical a i ʻole columnar o ka nui kūpono. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā lua komo ma waena o nā kristal conical a hoʻonui ʻia ka waiwai o ka ʻili. Hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻiʻo maikaʻi ma ka vacuum kiʻekiʻe, me ka emi ʻana o ke kekelē vacuum, lilo ka microstructure o ka membrane i mānoanoa a mānoanoa.