Isiliva sasiyinto esetshenziswa kakhulu ngensimbi kwaze kwaba maphakathi nawo-1930, lapho kwakuyinto eyinhloko yefilimu ekhanyayo yezinsimbi zokukhanya ezinembile, ngokuvamile ezifakwe amakhemikhali kuketshezi. Indlela yokubeka amakhemikhali ewuketshezi yasetshenziswa ukukhiqiza izibuko zokusetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, futhi kulokhu kusetshenziswa ungqimba oluncane kakhulu lwethini lwasetshenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ifilimu yesiliva iboshelwe ebusweni bengilazi, obuvikelwe ngokungezwa kwengqimba yangaphandle yethusi. Ekusetshenzisweni kobuso bangaphandle, isiliva lisabela nomoya-mpilo emoyeni futhi lilahlekelwa ukukhanya kwalo ngenxa yokwakheka kwe-silver sulfide. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokukhanya okuphezulu kwefilimu yesiliva ngemva nje kokufakwa kanye neqiniso lokuthi isiliva liyahwamuka kalula, lisasetshenziswa njengento evamile yokusetshenziswa kwesikhashana kwezingxenye. Isiliva livame ukusetshenziswa ezingxenyeni ezidinga ukumbozwa kwesikhashana, njengezingqwembe ze-interferometer zokuhlola ukuthamba. Esigabeni esilandelayo, sizobhekana ngokugcwele namafilimu esiliva anezingqwembe ezivikelayo.
Ngawo-1930, uJohn Strong, iphayona elisebenzisa izibuko zezinkanyezi, washintsha amafilimu esiliva akhiqizwe ngamakhemikhali ngamafilimu e-aluminium ambozwe ngomusi.
I-Aluminium iyinsimbi esetshenziswa kakhulu ekufakeni izibuko ngenxa yokuthi kulula ukuhwamuka, ukukhanya okuhle kwe-ultraviolet, okubonakalayo, kanye nokukhanya kwe-infrared, kanye nekhono layo lokunamathela ngokuqinile ezintweni eziningi, kufaka phakathi ipulasitiki. Nakuba ungqimba oluncane lwe-oxide luhlala lukhona ebusweni bezibuko ze-aluminium ngokushesha ngemva kokufaka izibuko, okusiza ukuvimbela ukugqwala okwengeziwe kobuso besibuko, ukukhanya kwezibuko ze-aluminium kusancipha kancane kancane ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lapho kusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi uma isibuko se-aluminium sivezwe ngokuphelele emsebenzini wangaphandle, uthuli nokungcola kuyaqoqana ngokungenakugwenywa ebusweni besibuko, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukukhanya. Ukusebenza kwezinsimbi eziningi akuthinteki kakhulu ngokuncipha okuncane kokukhanya. Kodwa-ke, kulezo zimo lapho inhloso iwukuqoqa inani elikhulu lamandla okukhanya, njengoba kunzima ukuhlanza izibuko ze-aluminium ngaphandle kokulimaza ungqimba lwefilimu, izingxenye ezifakwe izibuko ziphinde zifakwe izibuko ngezikhathi ezithile. Lokhu kusebenza ikakhulukazi kuma-telescope amakhulu okukhanyisa. Ngenxa yokuthi izibuko eziyinhloko zikhulu kakhulu futhi zinzima, izibuko eziyinhloko zeteleskopu zivame ukupendwa kabusha minyaka yonke ngomshini wokumboza ofakwe ngokukhethekile endaweni yokubuka, futhi ngokuvamile azijikeleziswa ngesikhathi sokuhwamuka, kodwa kunalokho kusetshenziswa imithombo eminingi yokuhwamuka ukuqinisekisa ukufana kobukhulu befilimu. I-aluminium isasetshenziswa kumateleskopu amaningi namuhla, kodwa amanye amateleskopu amasha aphekwa ngamafilimu ensimbi athuthukile afaka ungqimba oluvikelayo lwesiliva.
Igolide cishe liyinto engcono kakhulu yokuhlobisa amafilimu abonisa ukukhanya kwe-infrared. Njengoba ukubonakaliswa kwamafilimu egolide kwehla ngokushesha endaweni ebonakalayo, empeleni amafilimu egolide asetshenziswa kuphela kuma-wavelength angaphezu kuka-700 nm. Uma igolide limbozwe engilazini, lakha ifilimu ethambile esengozini yokulimala. Kodwa-ke, igolide linamathela kakhulu kumafilimu e-chromium noma e-nickel-chromium (amafilimu amelana nokumelana aqukethe amafilimu angu-80% nickel kanye no-20% chromium), ngakho-ke i-chromium noma i-nickel-chromium ivame ukusetshenziswa njengesendlalelo esihlukanisayo phakathi kwefilimu yegolide kanye ne-substrate yengilazi.
Ukukhanya kwe-Rhodium (Rh) kanye ne-platinum (Pt) kuphansi kakhulu kunezinye izinsimbi okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla, futhi zisetshenziswa kuphela kulezo zimo lapho kunezidingo ezikhethekile zokumelana nokugqwala. Womabili amafilimu ensimbi anamathela ngokuqinile engilazini. Izibuko zamazinyo zivame ukumbozwa nge-rhodium ngoba zivezwa ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu zangaphandle futhi kumele zihlanzwe ngokushisa. Ifilimu ye-Rhodium isetshenziswa nasezibukweni zezimoto ezithile, ezivame ukuba yizibonisi zangaphambili ezingaphandle kwemoto, futhi ezisengozini yesimo sezulu, izinqubo zokuhlanza, kanye nokunakekelwa okwengeziwe lapho kwenziwa ukwelashwa kokuhlanza. Izihloko zangaphambilini ziphawule ukuthi inzuzo yefilimu ye-rhodium ukuthi inikeza ukuzinza okungcono kunefilimu ye-aluminium.
–Lesi sihloko sikhishwe yi-umenzi womshini wokumboza nge-vacuumI-Guangdong Zhenhua
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-27-2024