Igikoresho cyo kugarura urumuri mu byuma

Ifeza yahoze ari ibikoresho by'icyuma byakunze gukoreshwa cyane kugeza hagati mu myaka ya 1930, ubwo yari ibikoresho by'ingenzi bya filime igarura urumuri mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, akenshi byashyirwaga mu mazi. Uburyo bwo gushyiramo chemical mu mazi bwakoreshejwe mu gukora indorerwamo zo gukoreshwa mu bwubatsi, kandi muri ubu buryo hakoreshejwe urwego ruto cyane rw'ibati kugira ngo filime y'ifeza ifatanye n'ubuso bw'ikirahure, bwari burinzwe no kongeramo urwego rw'inyuma rw'umuringa. Mu bikorwa byo gushyiramo inyuma, ifeza ihura na ogisijeni mu kirere kandi igatakaza ubwiza bwayo bitewe no gukora sulfide y'ifeza. Ariko, kubera ko filime y'ifeza igarura urumuri rwinshi nyuma yo gutwikira no kuba ifeza ishira mu mwuka byoroshye, iracyakoreshwa nk'igikoresho gisanzwe cyo gukoresha ibice by'ingenzi mu gihe gito. Ifeza ikunze gukoreshwa mu bice bisaba gutwikira by'agateganyo, nko mu masahani ya interferometer kugira ngo harebwe ko igorofa. Mu gice gikurikira, tuzavuga ku buryo burambuye kuri filime y'ifeza ifite gutwikira.

Mu myaka ya 1930, John Strong, umuhanga mu by’inyenyeri, yasimbuje filime zakozwe mu ifeza zikozwe mu buryo bwa shimi n’izikozwe muri aluminiyumu zitwikiriwe n’umwuka.
Aluminiyumu ni cyo cyuma gikoreshwa cyane mu gupfuka indorerwamo kubera ko byoroshye guhumeka, urumuri rwa ultraviolet rwiza, rugaragara, kandi rugaragara neza, ndetse n'ubushobozi bwacyo bwo gufata cyane ibikoresho byinshi, harimo na pulasitiki. Nubwo urwego rworoshye rwa okiside ruhora rugaragara ku buso bw'indorerwamo za aluminiyumu ako kanya nyuma yo gupfuka, ibyo bigafasha gukumira kwangirika k'ubuso bw'indorerwamo, ubushobozi bwo kugaruka kw'indorerwamo za aluminiyumu bukomeza kugabanuka buhoro buhoro mu gihe cyo kuzikoresha. Ibi biterwa nuko mu ikoreshwa, cyane cyane iyo indorerwamo ya aluminiyumu ihuye neza n'akazi ko hanze, umukungugu n'umwanda byikusanyiriza ku buso bw'indorerwamo, bityo bigagabanya ubushobozi bwo kugaruka. Imikorere y'ibikoresho byinshi ntigira ingaruka zikomeye ku kugabanuka gato k'urumuri. Ariko, mu bihe aho intego ari ugukusanya ingufu nyinshi z'urumuri, kubera ko bigoye gusukura indorerwamo za aluminiyumu hatabayeho kwangiza urwego rwa filime, ibice byazo bipfukanwa buri gihe. Ibi bireba cyane cyane telesikope nini zigaragaza urumuri. Kubera ko indorerwamo nyamukuru ari nini cyane kandi ziremereye, indorerwamo nyamukuru za telesikope zikunze kongerwaho buri mwaka imashini ikingira ishyirwa mu cyumba cy’ubushakashatsi, kandi akenshi ntizizunguruka mu gihe cyo guhumeka, ahubwo hakoreshwa amasoko menshi y’ibyuka kugira ngo habeho ingano imwe y’ubugari bwa filime. Aluminium iracyakoreshwa muri telesikope nyinshi muri iki gihe, ariko zimwe muri telesikope nshya zishyushya zikoresha firime zigezweho z’icyuma zirimo irangi ry’ifeza ririnda.
Zahabu ishobora kuba ari yo ikoreshwa neza mu gutwikira filime zigarura ubushyuhe za infrared. Kubera ko ubushobozi bwo kugarura ubushyuhe bwa filime za zahabu bugabanuka vuba mu gace kagaragara, mu by'ukuri filime za zahabu zikoreshwa gusa ku burebure bw'uburebure buri hejuru ya nanometero 700. Iyo zahabu ishyizwe ku kirahure, ikora filime yoroshye ishobora kwangirika. Ariko, zahabu ifata cyane chromium cyangwa nickel-chromium (filime zirwanya ubushyuhe zirimo 80% nickel na 20% chromium), bityo chromium cyangwa nickel-chromium ikunze gukoreshwa nk'urwego rutandukanya filime ya zahabu n'igice cy'ikirahure.
Ubushobozi bwo kugarura amenyo bwa Rhodium (Rh) na platine (Pt) buri hasi cyane ugereranyije n'ibindi byuma byavuzwe haruguru, kandi bikoreshwa gusa iyo hari ibisabwa byihariye byo kwirinda ingese. Udupira twombi tw'icyuma dufata neza ikirahure. Indorerwamo z'amenyo akenshi zitwikiriwe na rhodium kuko ziba zifite imiterere mibi cyane yo hanze kandi zigomba gusukurwa n'ubushyuhe. Udupira twa Rhodium dukoreshwa kandi mu ndorerwamo z'imodoka zimwe na zimwe, akenshi zikaba ari uturindankuba tw'imbere tuba turi inyuma y'imodoka, kandi dushobora kwibasirwa n'ikirere, ibikorwa byo gusukura, no kwitabwaho cyane iyo dukora isuku. Ingingo zabanje zavuze ko inyungu ya rhodium film ari uko itanga ubuziranenge bwiza kuruta aluminium film.

–Iyi nkuru yasohotse nauruganda rukora imashini zikora imashini zikoresha umwuka ushyushyeGuangdong Zhenhua