Isilivere yayiyeyona nto ixhaphakileyo yesinyithi de kwaba phakathi kweminyaka yoo-1930, xa yayiyeyona nto iphambili kwifilimu ebonakalisayo kwizixhobo zokukhanya ezichanekileyo, ezidla ngokugqunywa ngeekhemikhali kulwelo. Indlela yokugqunywa kweekhemikhali yolwelo yayisetyenziselwa ukuvelisa izibuko ezisetyenziswa kuyilo lwezakhiwo, kwaye kolu hlobo lokusetyenziswa kwasetyenziswa umaleko omncinci kakhulu wetin ukuqinisekisa ukuba ifilimu yesilivere inamathele kumphezulu weglasi, owawukhuselwe kukongezwa komaleko wangaphandle wobhedu. Kwizicelo zomphezulu wangaphandle, isilivere isabela kwioksijini emoyeni kwaye ilahlekelwa bubuhle bayo ngenxa yokwenziwa kwe-silver sulfide. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokukhanya okuphezulu kwefilimu yesilivere emva nje kokugqunywa kunye nenyaniso yokuba isilivere iyaphela ngokulula, isasetyenziswa njengesixhobo esiqhelekileyo sokusetyenziswa kwexesha elifutshane kwezixhobo. Isilivere ikwasetyenziswa rhoqo kwizixhobo ezifuna ukugqunywa okwethutyana, njengeepleyiti ze-interferometer zokujonga ukuba zithe tyaba. Kwicandelo elilandelayo, siza kujongana ngokupheleleyo neefilimu zesilivere ezineengubo zokukhusela.
Ngeminyaka yoo-1930, uJohn Strong, ingcali kwizibuko zeenkwenkwezi, watshintsha iifilimu zesilivere ezenziwe ngeekhemikhali ngeefilimu ze-aluminium ezigqunywe ngomphunga.
I-Aluminium yeyona ntsimbi isetyenziswa kakhulu ekufakeni izibuko ngenxa yokuba kulula ukufuma, ukukhanya okubonakalayo, okubonakalayo, kunye nokukhanya okukhanyayo, kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukunamathela kakhulu kwizinto ezininzi, kuquka iiplastiki. Nangona umaleko omncinci we-oxide uhlala usenzeka phezu komphezulu wezibuko ze-aluminium emva nje kokufakelwa, okunceda ukuthintela ukugqwala okungakumbi komphezulu wesibuko, ukukhanya kwezibuko ze-aluminium kusancipha kancinci ngexesha lokusetyenziswa. Oku kungenxa yokuba xa isetyenziswa, ingakumbi ukuba isibuko se-aluminium sivezwe ngokupheleleyo kumsebenzi wangaphandle, uthuli kunye nothuli ngokungenakuphepheka ziqokelelana kumphezulu wesibuko, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ukukhanya. Ukusebenza kwezixhobo ezininzi akuchaphazeleki kakhulu kukuncipha okuncinci kokukhanya. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko apho injongo ikukuqokelela ubungakanani obukhulu bamandla okukhanya, kuba kunzima ukucoca izibuko ze-aluminium ngaphandle kokonakalisa umaleko wefilimu, iindawo ezifakwe izibuko ziphinda zifakwe izibuko rhoqo. Oku kusebenza ngakumbi kwiiteleskopu ezinkulu ezibonisa ukukhanya. Ngenxa yokuba izibuko eziphambili zikhulu kakhulu kwaye zinzima, izibuko eziphambili zeteleskopu zihlala ziphinda zifakwe umatshini wokugquma ofakwe ngokukodwa kwindawo yokujonga, kwaye zihlala zingajikeleziswa ngexesha lokufuma, kodwa kusetyenziswa imithombo emininzi yokufuma ukuqinisekisa ukufana kobukhulu befilimu. I-aluminium isasetyenziswa kwiiteleskopu ezininzi namhlanje, kodwa ezinye zeeteleskopu ezintsha zivuthiswa ngeefilimu zesinyithi eziphucukileyo eziquka uboya besilivere obukhuselayo.
Igolide mhlawumbi yeyona nto ilungileyo yokubeka iifilimu ezibonisa ukukhanya kwe-infrared. Ekubeni ukubonakaliswa kweefilimu zegolide kuncipha ngokukhawuleza kwindawo ebonakalayo, kwiindlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo iifilimu zegolide zisetyenziswa kuphela kumaza obude obungaphezulu kwe-700 nm. Xa igolide igqunywe kwiglasi, yenza ifilimu ethambileyo enokonakala. Nangona kunjalo, igolide inamathela kakhulu kwi-chromium okanye kwi-nickel-chromium (iifilimu ezikhuselayo eziqulethe i-80% nickel kunye ne-20% chromium), ngoko ke i-chromium okanye i-nickel-chromium idla ngokusetyenziswa njengomaleko ophakathi kwefilimu yegolide kunye ne-substrate yeglasi.
Ukukhanya kwe-Rhodium (Rh) kunye neplatinum (Pt) kuphantsi kakhulu kunezinye iintsimbi ezikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla, kwaye zisetyenziswa kuphela kwiimeko apho kukho iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zokumelana nokugqwala. Zombini iifilimu zesinyithi zinamathela ngokuqinileyo kwiglasi. Izipili zamazinyo zihlala zigqunywe yi-rhodium kuba zichatshazelwa ziimeko ezimbi kakhulu zangaphandle kwaye kufuneka zicocwe bubushushu. Ifilimu ye-Rhodium ikwasetyenziswa kwizipili zezinye iimoto, ezihlala zizibonisi zomphezulu ongaphambili ezingaphandle kwemoto, kwaye zichaphazeleka yimozulu, iinkqubo zokucoca, kunye nononophelo olongezelelweyo xa zenza unyango lokucoca. Amanqaku angaphambili aqaphele ukuba inzuzo yefilimu ye-rhodium kukuba inika uzinzo olungcono kunefilimu ye-aluminium.
–Eli nqaku likhutshwe nguumenzi womatshini wokugquma nge-vacuumGuangdong Zhenhua
Ixesha leposi: Sep-27-2024