Nyuma y’uko havumbuwe ingaruka za photovoltaic mu Burayi mu 1863, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zakoze ingirabuzimafatizo ya mbere ya photovoltaic ifite (Se) mu 1883. Mu minsi ya mbere, ingirabuzimafatizo za photovoltaic zakoreshwaga cyane cyane mu by’indege, mu bya gisirikare no mu bindi. Mu myaka 20 ishize, igabanuka rikomeye ry’ikiguzi cya photovoltaic...
Ikoreshwa rya filime ntoya zikoresha urumuri mu bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga nka telefoni zigendanwa ryavuye ku nyubako zisanzwe za kamera zijya mu cyerekezo gitandukanye, nko ku nyubako za kamera, infrared cutoff filters (IR-CUT), na NCVM coating ku bifuniko bya bateri za telefoni zigendanwa. Uburyo kamera ikoresha...
Gushyira irangi ry'amazi mu buryo bw'umwuka (vacuum plating mu magambo ahinnye) ni ikoranabuhanga rishya ryo gutunganya ubuso ryatejwe imbere vuba mu myaka ya 1970, ryatanzwe na DM Mattox wo muri Somdia Company muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika mu 1963. Rivuga inzira yo gukoresha isoko y'amazi cyangwa intego yo gusukamo amazi mu mwuka kugira ngo ihinduke cyangwa ihinduke...
① Filimi irwanya urumuri. Urugero, kamera, porojekiteri, porojekiteri, porojekiteri za filime, telesikope, indorerwamo zo kubona, na filime za MgF zo mu rwego rumwe zitwikiriwe ku nyubako n'ama prismu by'ibikoresho bitandukanye by'urumuri, na filime zo kurwanya urumuri zo mu rwego rwo hejuru zifite urwego rubiri cyangwa nyinshi zigizwe na SiOFrO2, AlO2, ...