Pambuyo poti ku Ulaya kwapezeka mphamvu ya photovoltaic ku America mu 1863, dziko la America linapanga selo loyamba la photovoltaic lomwe lili ndi (Se) mu 1883. M'masiku oyambirira, maselo a photovoltaic ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu ndege, usilikali ndi madera ena. M'zaka 20 zapitazi, kutsika kwakukulu kwa mtengo wa photovolta...
Kugwiritsa ntchito mafilimu opepuka owoneka bwino pazinthu zamagetsi monga mafoni a m'manja kwasintha kuchoka pa magalasi a kamera akale kupita ku njira zosiyanasiyana, monga magalasi a kamera, zoteteza ma lens, zosefera za infrared cutoff (IR-CUT), ndi zokutira za NCVM pa zophimba batri za foni yam'manja. Kamera...
Njira yopangira makina opangira vacuum imagawidwa m'magulu awa: chophimba cha vacuum evaporation, chophimba cha vacuum sputtering ndi chophimba cha ion cha vacuum. 1, Chophimba cha Vacuum evaporation Pansi pa vacuum, pangani zinthuzo kuti ziume, monga chitsulo, aloyi yachitsulo, ndi zina zotero. kenako ziikeni pa substrate surf...
1. Kodi njira yophikira vacuum ndi chiyani? Kodi ntchito yake ndi yotani? Njira yotchedwa vacuum clothing imagwiritsa ntchito evaporation ndi sputtering mu vacuum kuti itulutse tinthu ta filimu, zomwe zimayikidwa pa chitsulo, galasi, ziwiya zadothi, ma semiconductors ndi pulasitiki kuti apange chophimba, chokongoletsera...
Kupaka ma ion mu vacuum (kuyika ma ion mu chidule) ndi ukadaulo watsopano wochizira pamwamba womwe unapangidwa mwachangu m'ma 1970, womwe unaperekedwa ndi DM Mattox wa Somdia Company ku United States mu 1963. Umatanthauza njira yogwiritsira ntchito gwero la evaporation kapena sputtering kuti ipse kapena sput...
① Filimu yoletsa kuwunikira. Mwachitsanzo, makamera, ma slide projectors, ma projectors, ma movie projectors, ma telescopes, magalasi owonera, ndi mafilimu a MgF okhala ndi layer imodzi omwe amakutidwa ndi magalasi ndi ma prism a zida zosiyanasiyana zowunikira, ndi mafilimu awiri kapena angapo oletsa kuwunikira omwe amapangidwa ndi SiOFrO2, AlO2, ...
① Kuwongolera bwino komanso kubwerezabwereza kwa makulidwe a filimu Kaya makulidwe a filimu amatha kulamulidwa pamtengo wokonzedweratu amatchedwa kulamulira makulidwe a filimu. Kulemera kwa filimu komwe kumafunika kumatha kubwerezedwa kangapo, komwe kumatchedwa kubwerezabwereza kwa makulidwe a filimu. Chifukwa kutulutsa...