Ibara rya firime y'imitako

Filimi ubwayo igaragaza cyangwa igafata urumuri rw’impanuka mu buryo bwihariye, kandi ibara ryayo ni umusaruro w’imiterere y’urumuri rwa filime. Ibara ry’amafilimi yoroheje rikorwa n’urumuri rugaragara, bityo ibintu bibiri bigomba gusuzumwa, ni ukuvuga ibara ry’ibanze rikomoka ku miterere y’ibikoresho bya filime yoroheje idasobanutse neza kugira ngo urumuri rugaragare, n’ibara ry’uruvange rikomoka ku bimenyetso byinshi bya filime yoroheje igaragara cyangwa ifata buhoro.

1. Ibara ry'imbere

Imiterere y’ibikoresho bya filime ntoya idafite isura ijya ku rumuri rugaragara ituma habaho kugaragara kw’amabara y’imbere, kandi inzira y’ingenzi ni uguhindura ingufu za fotoni zinjira muri electron. Ku bikoresho biyobora, electron zinjira mu gice cyuzuye cya valence zijya mu gipimo cy’ingufu nyinshi zidafite ishingiro hejuru y’urwego rwa Fermi, byitwa transition y’umugozi. Ku bikoresho bya semiconductor cyangwa ibikoresho bikingira, hari icyuho cy’ingufu hagati y’umugozi wa valence n’umugozi wo kuyobora. Electron gusa zifite ingufu zirenga ubugari bw’icyuho cy’ingufu ni zo zishobora kwambuka icyuho no kuva kuri valence band zijya kuri conduction band, izwi nka interband transition. Uko ubwoko bw’impinduka bwaba buri kose, bizatera kutumvikana hagati y’urumuri rugaragara n’urumuri rwinjira, bigatuma ibikoresho bigaragaza ibara ryabyo ry’imbere. Ibikoresho bifite ubugari bwa bandgap burenga umupaka wa ultraviolet ugaragara, nk’ibirenze 3.5eV, biragaragarira amaso y’umuntu. Ubugari bwa bandgap bw’ibikoresho bigufi bya bandgap ni munsi y’umupaka wa infrared wa spectrum igaragara, kandi niba biri munsi ya 1.7eV, bisa n’umukara. Ibikoresho bifite bandwidth mu gice cyo hagati bishobora kugaragaza amabara adasanzwe. Gukoresha doping bishobora gutera ihindagurika ry’imirongo mu bikoresho bifite icyuho kinini cy’ingufu. Ibintu bikoresha doping birema urwego rw’ingufu hagati y’icyuho cy’ingufu, bikagabanyamo ibice bibiri bito by’ingufu. Electron zifata ingufu nke zishobora no guhinduka, bigatuma ibikoresho by’umwimerere bibonerana bigaragaza ibara.

1. Ibara ry'uruvange

Ibikoresho bya firime ntoya bibonerana cyangwa bikuramo gato bigaragaza amabara yo kwivanga bitewe n’uko urumuri rugaragara kenshi. Kwivanga ni impinduka mu bunini bubaho nyuma yo gushyiramo imiraba. Mu buzima, iyo hari firime y’amavuta ku buso bw’amazi, bigaragara ko firime y’amavuta igaragaza Irangi, ari ryo bara rikorwa n’impinduka zisanzwe za firime. Gushyira urwego rwo hasi rwa firime y’amazi ibonerana ku cyuma bishobora kubona amabara menshi mashya binyuze mu kwivanga. Iyo uburebure bumwe bw’urumuri buturutse mu kirere bugera ku buso bw’urwego rubonerana, igice cyabwo kigaragara ku buso bw’urumuri rwo hasi hanyuma kigasubira mu kirere; Ikindi gice gihita gihinduka binyuze muri firime ibonerana kandi kigaragara ku buso bw’urumuri. Hanyuma komeza kohereza firime ibonerana na refraction ku buso buri hagati ya firime n’ikirere mbere yo gusubira mu kirere. Ibyo byombi bizavamo itandukaniro ry’inzira y’urumuri n’impinduka zidasanzwe.