Izembozo zamathuluzi okusika zithuthukisa ukungqubuzana kanye nezakhiwo zokuguguleka kwamathuluzi okusika, yingakho zibalulekile ekusebenzeni kokusika. Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, abahlinzeki bobuchwepheshe bokucubungula ubuso bebelokhu bethuthukisa izixazululo zezembozo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ukuze bathuthukise ukumelana nokuguguleka kwamathuluzi okusika, ukusebenza kahle kwemishini kanye nokuphila kwesevisi. Inselele eyingqayizivele ivela ekunakeni nasekuthuthukiseni izinto ezine: (i) ukucutshungulwa kwangaphambi nangemva kokugqoka kwezindawo zamathuluzi okusika; (ii) izinto zokumboza; (iii) izakhiwo zokumboza; kanye (iv) ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula obuhlanganisiwe bamathuluzi okusika ambozwe.
Ukusika imithombo yokuguga kwamathuluzi
Ngesikhathi senqubo yokusika, ezinye izindlela zokuguga zenzeka endaweni yokuxhumana phakathi kwethuluzi lokusika nezinto zokusebenza. Isibonelo, ukuguguleka okuhlanganisiwe phakathi kwe-chip nendawo yokusika, ukuguguleka okunamandla kwethuluzi ngamaphuzu aqinile ezintweni zokusebenza, kanye nokuguguleka okubangelwa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali okungqubuzanayo (ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kwezinto ezibangelwa isenzo somshini kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu). Njengoba lokhu kucindezeleka kokungqubuzana kunciphisa amandla okusika ethuluzi lokusika futhi kufinyeze impilo yamathuluzi, kuthinta kakhulu ukusebenza kahle komshini wethuluzi lokusika.
Ukwembozwa kobuso kunciphisa umphumela wokungqubuzana, kuyilapho izinto eziyisisekelo zamathuluzi okusika zisekela ukugqubuzana futhi zimunca ukucindezeleka komshini. Ukusebenza okuthuthukisiwe kohlelo lokungqubuzana kungonga izinto futhi kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla ngaphezu kokwandisa umkhiqizo.
Indima yokugqoka ekwehliseni izindleko zokucubungula
Ukuphila kwamathuluzi okusika kuyisici esibalulekile sezindleko emjikelezweni wokukhiqiza. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuphila kwamathuluzi okusika kungachazwa ngokuthi isikhathi somshini singashintshwa ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka ngaphambi kokuba kudingeke ukulungiswa. Uma isikhathi eside sokuphila kwamathuluzi okusika, izindleko ezibangelwa ukuphazamiseka kokukhiqiza ziyancipha futhi umsebenzi wokulungisa umshini omncane okufanele uwenze.
Ngisho noma izinga lokushisa lokusika liphezulu kakhulu, isikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwethuluzi lokusika singandiswa ngokumboza, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe kakhulu izindleko zomshini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umboza wamathuluzi okusika unganciphisa isidingo soketshezi lokugcoba. Akugcini nje ngokunciphisa izindleko zezinto, kodwa futhi kusiza ekuvikeleni imvelo.
Umphumela wokucubungula ngaphambi nangemva kokumboza ekukhiqizeni
Emisebenzini yokusika yesimanje, amathuluzi okusika adinga ukuthwala ukucindezeleka okuphezulu (>2 GPa), amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nemijikelezo engaguquki yokucindezeleka kokushisa. Ngaphambi nangemva kokumbozwa kwethuluzi lokusika, kumele liphathwe ngenqubo efanele.
Ngaphambi kokusika isembozo samathuluzi, izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokwelashwa zingasetshenziswa ukulungiselela inqubo elandelayo yokumboza, kuyilapho kuthuthukiswa kakhulu ukunamathela kwesembozo. Ngokusebenza ngokubambisana nesembozo, ukulungiswa komkhawulo wokusika wamathuluzi kungandisa isivinini sokusika kanye nesilinganiso sokudla, futhi kwandise impilo yamathuluzi okusika.
Ukufakwa kwesembozo ngemuva kokucubungula (ukulungiswa komphetho, ukucubungula ubuso kanye nokwakheka) nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono ithuluzi lokusika, ikakhulukazi ukuvimbela ukuguguleka okungenzeka kusenesikhathi ngokwakhiwa kwe-chip (ukubopha kwezinto zokusebenza emkhawulweni wokusika wethuluzi).
Izinto okufanele uzicabangele kanye nokukhetha ukugqoka
Izidingo zokusebenza kokumboza zingahluka kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwezimo zomshini lapho izinga lokushisa lomucu wanamuhla liphezulu, izici zokuguguleka ezingamelani nokushisa kwemboza ziba zibaluleke kakhulu. Kulindeleke ukuthi ukumboza kwanamuhla kufanele futhi kube nezici ezilandelayo: ukusebenza kahle kakhulu ekushiseni okuphezulu, ukumelana nokushiswa kwe-oxidation, ubulukhuni obuphezulu (ngisho nasemazingeni okushisa aphezulu), kanye nokuqina okuncane kakhulu (i-plasticity) ngokuklama izendlalelo ezakhiwe ngendlela encane.
Ukuze uthole amathuluzi okusika asebenza kahle, ukunamathela okuhlanganisiwe okulungiselelwe kanye nokusatshalaliswa okunengqondo kokucindezeleka okusele kuyizici ezimbili ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye nezinto ezihlanganisiwe kudingeka kucatshangelwe. Okwesibili, kufanele kube nokusondelana okuncane ngangokunokwenzeka phakathi kwezinto ezihlanganisiwe nezinto ezizocutshungulwa. Amathuba okunamathela phakathi kokunamathela kanye nomsebenzi angancishiswa kakhulu ngokusebenzisa i-geometry yamathuluzi afanele kanye nokupholisha ukunamathela.
Izembozo ezisekelwe ku-aluminium (isb. i-AlTiN) zivame ukusetshenziswa njengezembozo zamathuluzi okusika embonini yokusika. Ngaphansi kwesenzo samazinga okushisa aphezulu okusika, lezi zembozo ezisekelwe ku-aluminium zingakha ungqimba oluncane noluqinile lwe-aluminium oxide oluhlala luzivuselela ngesikhathi sokugaya, luvikele isembozo kanye nezinto ezingaphansi kwalo ekuhlaselweni yi-oxidative.
Ukusebenza kokuqina kanye nokumelana nokushiswa kwengubo kungalungiswa ngokushintsha okuqukethwe kwe-aluminium kanye nesakhiwo sokushiswa. Isibonelo, ngokwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-aluminium, kusetshenziswa izakhiwo ezincane noma i-micro-alloying (okungukuthi, ukuhlanganiswa nezinto ezinokuqukethwe okuphansi), ukumelana nokushiswa kwengubo kungathuthukiswa.
Ngaphezu kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwezinto zokumboza, izinguquko esakhiweni sokumboza zingathinta kakhulu ukusebenza kokumboza. Ukusebenza okuhlukile kwamathuluzi okusika kuncike ekusatshalalisweni kwezinto ezahlukahlukene esakhiweni esincane sokumboza.
Kulezi zinsuku, ungqimba olulodwa olunezinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhemikhali lungahlanganiswa lube ungqimba oluhlanganisiwe lokumboza ukuze kutholakale ukusebenza okufiselekayo. Lo mkhuba uzoqhubeka nokukhula esikhathini esizayo - ikakhulukazi ngezinhlelo ezintsha zokumboza kanye nezinqubo zokumboza, njengobuchwepheshe bokuhwamuka kwe-arc ye-HI3 (High Ionization Triple) kanye nobuchwepheshe bokumboza obuhlanganisiwe obuhlanganisa izinqubo ezintathu zokumboza ezifakwe i-ion zibe yinye.
Njengengubo ebanzi, izembozo ezisekelwe ku-titanium-silicon (TiSi) zinikeza ukusebenza kahle kakhulu. Lezi zembozo zingasetshenziswa ekucubunguleni izinsimbi zokuqina okuphezulu ezinokuqukethwe okuhlukile kwe-carbide (ubulukhuni obuphakathi kuya ku-HRC 65) kanye nezinsimbi zokuqina eziphakathi (ubulukhuni obuphakathi HRC 40). Ukwakheka kwesakhiwo sengubo kungashintshwa ngokufanele ukuze kusetshenziswe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezahlukene. Ngenxa yalokho, amathuluzi okusika asekelwe ku-titanium silicone angasetshenziswa ukusika nokucubungula izinto eziningi zokusebenza kusukela ezinsimbini ezihlanganisiwe kakhulu, ezihlanganisiwe kancane kuya ezinsimbini eziqinile kanye nama-alloy e-titanium. Ukuhlolwa kokusika okuphezulu ezintweni zokusebenza ezisicaba (ubulukhuni HRC 44) kukhombisile ukuthi amathuluzi okusika ahlanganisiwe angandisa impilo yawo cishe izikhathi ezimbili futhi anciphise ubulukhuni bomphezulu cishe izikhathi eziyi-10.
Ukwembozwa okusekelwe ku-titanium-silicon kunciphisa ukupholishwa kwendawo okulandelayo. Ukwembozwa okunjalo kulindeleke ukuthi kusetshenziswe ekucutshungulweni ngesivinini esikhulu sokusika, amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye namazinga aphezulu okususwa kwensimbi.
Kwezinye izembozo ze-PVD (ikakhulukazi izembozo ezincane ezixutshwe), izinkampani zezembozo nazo zisebenza eduze nabaprosesa ukuze bacwaninge futhi bathuthukise izixazululo ezahlukahlukene zokucubungula ubuso ezilungiselelwe. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthuka okukhulu ekusebenzeni kahle kwezembozo, ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi okusika, ikhwalithi yezembozo, kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto, izembozo kanye nezembozo kungenzeka, futhi kuyasebenza. Ngokusebenza nomlingani wezembozo ochwepheshe, abasebenzisi bangandisa ukusebenza kahle kwamathuluzi abo kuyo yonke impilo yabo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Novemba-07-2022