Imyambaro yo gusiga ibikoresho byo gukata yongera imiterere yo gushwanyagurika no kwangirika kw'ibikoresho byo gukata, niyo mpamvu ari ingenzi mu mikorere yo gukata. Mu myaka myinshi, abatanga ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ubuso bagiye bategura ibisubizo byihariye byo gusiga ibikoresho byo gukata kugira ngo bongere ubushobozi bwo kudashwanyagurika, imikorere myiza y'imashini no kumara igihe cyazo. Imbogamizi idasanzwe ituruka ku kwita no kunoza ibintu bine: (i) gutunganya ubuso bw'ibikoresho byo gukata mbere na nyuma yo gusiga; (ii) ibikoresho byo gusiga; (iii) imiterere yo gusiga; na (iv) ikoranabuhanga rihuriweho ryo gutunganya ibikoresho byo gusiga ibikoresho byo gusiga.
Inkomoko y'ibikoresho byo gukata
Mu gihe cyo gukata, uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwo kwangirika bubaho mu gace kari hagati y'igikoresho cyo gukata n'ibikoresho byo gukora. Urugero, kwangirika hagati y'icyuma n'ubuso bwo gukata, kwangirika gukabije kw'igikoresho bitewe n'ingingo zikomeye mu bikoresho byo gukora, hamwe no kwangirika guterwa n'imikorere ya shimi iterwa no kwangirika (imikorere ya shimi y'ibikoresho biterwa n'imikorere ya mekanike n'ubushyuhe bwinshi). Kubera ko iyi mihangayiko igabanya imbaraga zo gukata z'igikoresho cyo gukata kandi ikagabanya igihe cyo gukoresha igikoresho, bigira ingaruka cyane cyane ku mikorere myiza y'igikoresho cyo gukata.
Igipfundikizo cyo hejuru kigabanya ingaruka zo gukururana, mu gihe ibikoresho byo gukata bikora ku gipfundikizo kandi bikagabanya imbaraga za mekanike. Imikorere myiza ya sisitemu yo gukururana ishobora kuzigama ibikoresho no kugabanya ikoreshwa ry'ingufu ndetse no kongera umusaruro.
Uruhare rwo gusiga irangi mu kugabanya ikiguzi cyo gutunganya
Igihe cyo gukata ibikoresho ni ingenzi mu ikoreshwa ryabyo. Mu bindi, igihe cyo gukata ibikoresho gishobora gusobanurwa nk'igihe cyo gukata imashini nta nkomyi mbere yuko ikoreshwa. Uko igihe cyo gukata ibikoresho kigenda kirekire, niko ibiciro bigabanuka bitewe n'igabanuka ry'umusaruro ndetse n'akazi gato ko kuyitaho imashini igomba gukora.
Nubwo haba hari ubushyuhe bwinshi cyane bwo gukata, igihe cyo gukoresha igikoresho cyo gukata gishobora kongerwa hamwe no gusiga, bityo bikagabanya cyane ikiguzi cyo gukora. Byongeye kandi, gusiga igikoresho cyo gukata bishobora kugabanya gukenera amavuta yo kwisiga. Ntabwo bigabanya gusa ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho, ahubwo binafasha mu kurengera ibidukikije.
Ingaruka zo gutunganya mbere na nyuma yo gusiga ku musaruro
Mu bikorwa byo gukata bigezweho, ibikoresho byo gukata bigomba kwihanganira umuvuduko mwinshi (>2 GPa), ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ibihe bidahinduka by'ubushyuhe. Mbere na nyuma yo gusiga irangi ku gikoresho cyo gukata, bigomba kuvugururwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bukwiye.
Mbere yo gukata irangi ry'ibikoresho, uburyo butandukanye bwo kubitegura mbere bushobora gukoreshwa mu gutegura inzira yo gusiga irangi ikurikiraho, mu gihe bunoza cyane uburyo irangi rifatana. Mu gukorana n'irangi, gutegura igikoresho bishobora kongera umuvuduko wo gukata n'umuvuduko wo kubigaburira, no kongera igihe cyo gukoresha igikoresho cyo gukata.
Gutunganya irangi nyuma yo gutunganya (gutegura impande, gutunganya ubuso no kubutunganya) nabyo bigira uruhare runini mu kunoza igikoresho cyo gukata, cyane cyane mu gukumira kwangirika kw'ibikoresho byo gukata hakiri kare bitewe no gukora chip (guhuza ibikoresho byo gukora n'inkombe y'igikoresho).
Ibitekerezo ku gusiga no guhitamo
Ibisabwa kugira ngo irangi rikore neza bishobora gutandukana cyane. Mu gihe cy'imashini zikora aho ubushyuhe buhanitse cyane, imiterere y'irangi idashyuha iba ingenzi cyane. Biteganijwe ko irangi rigezweho rigomba kugira imiterere ikurikira: imikorere myiza cyane mu bushyuhe bwinshi, kudakoresha ogisijeni, gukomera cyane (ndetse no mu bushyuhe bwinshi), no gukomera kwa mikorobe (plasticity) binyuze mu gushushanya imiterere y'ibice byubatswe mu buryo bwa nanostructured.
Ku bikoresho byo gukata neza, gufata neza irangi no gukwirakwiza neza imihangayiko isigaye ni ibintu bibiri by'ingenzi. Icya mbere, imikoranire hagati y'ibikoresho byo gusiga n'ibikoresho byo gusiga igomba kwitabwaho. Icya kabiri, hagomba kubaho isano rito rishoboka hagati y'ibikoresho byo gusiga n'ibikoresho bigomba gutunganywa. Amahirwe yo gufatana hagati y'irangi n'ibikoresho byo gukora ashobora kugabanuka cyane hakoreshejwe uburyo bukwiye bwo gusiga no gusiga irangi.
Irangi rikozwe muri aluminiyumu (urugero: AlTiN) rikunze gukoreshwa nk'irangi ry'ibikoresho byo gukata mu nganda zikata. Mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo gukata, izi rangi rikozwe muri aluminiyumu zishobora gukora urwego rworoshye kandi rwuzuye rwa aluminiyumu oxide ruhora rwivugurura mu gihe cyo gukora, rukarinda irangi n'ibikoresho biri munsi yaryo kwibasirwa na oxidative.
Imikorere y’ubukana n’ubudahangarwa bw’igitambaro ishobora guhindurwa hakoreshejwe guhindura ingano ya aluminiyumu n’imiterere yacyo. Urugero, binyuze mu kongera ingano ya aluminiyumu, hakoreshejwe nano-structures cyangwa micro-alloying (ni ukuvuga alloying hamwe n’ibintu bike), ubudahangarwa bw’igitambaro bushobora kunozwa.
Uretse imiterere y’ibinyabutabire mu bikoresho byo gusiga, impinduka mu miterere y’ibinyabutabire zishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere y’ibinyabutabire. Imikorere itandukanye y’ibikoresho byo gukata iterwa n’uko ibintu bitandukanye biri mu miterere mito y’ibinyabutabire bikwirakwira.
Muri iki gihe, urwego rumwe rwo gusiga rufite imiterere itandukanye y’ibinyabutabire rushobora guhuzwa mu rundi rwego rwo gusigamo ibintu byinshi kugira ngo haboneke umusaruro wifuzwa. Iyi nzira izakomeza gutera imbere mu gihe kizaza - cyane cyane binyuze mu buryo bushya bwo gusigamo ibintu n’uburyo bwo gusigamo ibintu, nka ikoranabuhanga rya HI3 (High Ionization Triple) arc evaporation na sputtering hybrid coating rihuza imikorere itatu yo gusigamo ibintu byinshi cyane muri kimwe.
Nk'igitambaro cyuzuye, igitambaro gishingiye kuri titaniyumu (TiSi) gitanga ubushobozi bwo gukora neza cyane. Ibi bitambaro bishobora gukoreshwa mu gutunganya ibyuma bikomeye bifite karubide zitandukanye (ubukana bw'ibanze kugeza kuri HRC 65) n'ibyuma bikomeye biciriritse (ubukana bw'ibanze HRC 40). Imiterere y'imiterere y'igitambaro ishobora guhuzwa hakurikijwe uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibikoresho byo gukata bishingiye kuri titaniyumu bishobora gukoreshwa mu gukata no gutunganya ibikoresho bitandukanye by'imirimo kuva ku byuma bifite aloyi nyinshi, bifite aloyi nke kugeza ku byuma bikomeye na aloyi za titaniyumu. Ibizamini byo gukata cyane ku bikoresho by'imirimo bitambitse (ubukana bwa HRC 44) byagaragaje ko ibikoresho byo gukata bifite aloyi bishobora kongera igihe cyabyo cyo kubaho inshuro hafi ebyiri no kugabanya ubukana bw'ubuso inshuro zigera ku 10.
Irangi rishingiye kuri titaniyumu rigabanya irangi ryo ku buso rikurikiraho. Biteganijwe ko irangi nk'iryo rikoreshwa mu gutunganya ku muvuduko wo hejuru, ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko wo gukuraho ibyuma.
Ku zindi mpako za PVD (cyane cyane mpako zikozwe mu buryo bwa micro-alloyed), amasosiyete atunganya irangi nayo akorana bya hafi n'abatunganya irangi kugira ngo bakore ubushakashatsi kandi bategure ibisubizo bitandukanye byo gutunganya ubuso. Kubwibyo, kunoza cyane imikorere y'imashini, ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho byo gukata, ireme ry'imashini, n'imikoranire hagati y'ibikoresho, irangi n'imashini birashoboka, kandi birashoboka. Mu gukorana n'umufatanyabikorwa w'umwuga wo gusiga irangi, abakoresha bashobora kongera imikorere myiza y'ibikoresho byabo mu buzima bwabo bwose.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-07-2022