Ubuchwepheshe bokumboza amagiya

Ubuchwepheshe bokufaka i-PVD busetshenziswe iminyaka eminingi njengobuchwepheshe obusha bokuguqula ubuso, ikakhulukazi ubuchwepheshe bokumboza ama-ion nge-vacuum, obuthole intuthuko enkulu eminyakeni yamuva futhi manje busetshenziswa kabanzi ekwelapheni amathuluzi, isikhunta, amasongo e-piston, amagiya nezinye izingxenye. Amagiya ambozwe alungiselelwe ubuchwepheshe bokumboza ama-ion nge-vacuum anganciphisa kakhulu i-friction coefficient, athuthukise ukulwa nokuguguleka kanye nokulwa nokugqwala okuthile, futhi abe yindawo ebalulekile futhi eshisayo yocwaningo emkhakheni wobuchwepheshe bokuqinisa ubuso begiya.

Izinto ezivamile ezisetshenziselwa amagiya ikakhulukazi insimbi ehlanganisiwe, insimbi ehlanganisiwe, insimbi ehlanganisiwe, izinsimbi ezingezona i-ferrous (ithusi, i-aluminium) kanye nepulasitiki. Insimbi ngokuyinhloko ingama-45 ensimbi, ama-35SiMn, ama-40Cr, ama-40CrNi, ama-40MnB, ama-38CrMoAl. Insimbi ephansi yekhabhoni esetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-20Cr, ama-20CrMnTi, ama-20MnB, ama-20CrMnTo. Insimbi ehlanganisiwe isetshenziswa kabanzi kumagiya ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okungcono, kuyilapho insimbi ehlanganisiwe ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amagiya anobubanzi obungaphezu kwama-400mm kanye nesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Amagiya ensimbi ehlanganisiwe alwa neglue kanye nokumelana nemigodi, kodwa ukuntuleka komthelela kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka, ikakhulukazi emsebenzini ozinzile, amandla awawona isivinini esiphansi noma usayizi omkhulu kanye nesimo esiyinkimbinkimbi, angasebenza ngaphansi kwesimo sokuntuleka kokugcoba, okufanelekela ukudluliselwa okuvulekile. Izinsimbi ezingezona insimbi ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yithusi lethini, ithusi le-aluminium-iron kanye ne-aluminium alloy, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwama-turbine noma amagiya, kodwa izakhiwo zokushelela nezokuvimbela ukungqubuzana azinhle, kuphela kumagiya alula, aphakathi nomthwalo kanye nesivinini esiphansi. Amagiya ezinto ezingezona insimbi asetshenziswa kakhulu kwezinye izinkambu ezinezidingo ezikhethekile, njengokugcotshwa okungenawo uwoyela kanye nokuthembeka okuphezulu. Inkambu yezimo ezifana nokungcola okuphansi, njengezinto zasendlini, imishini yezokwelapha, imishini yokudla kanye nemishini yendwangu.

Izinto zokumboza igiya

Izinto zobumba zobunjiniyela ziyizinto ezithembisayo kakhulu ezinamandla aphezulu kanye nobunzima, ikakhulukazi ukumelana nokushisa okuhle kakhulu, ukuhanjiswa kokushisa okuphansi kanye nokwanda kokushisa, ukumelana nokuguguleka okuphezulu kanye nokumelana nokushiswa kwe-oxidation. Ucwaningo oluningi lukhombisile ukuthi izinto zobumba azikwazi ukumelana nokushisa ngokwemvelo futhi zinokuguguleka okuncane ezinsimbini. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zobumba esikhundleni sezinto zensimbi ezingxenyeni ezingaguguleki kungathuthukisa impilo yengxenye yokungqubuzana, kungahlangabezana nezinye zezinto zokushisa okuphezulu kanye nezinto ezingaguguleki kakhulu, izidingo eziningi kanye nezinye ezinzima. Njengamanje, izinto zobumba zobunjiniyela zisetshenziswe ekwenziweni kwezingxenye ezingaguguleki zenjini, ukudluliselwa kwemishini ezingxenyeni ezingaguguleki, imishini yamakhemikhali ezingxenyeni ezingaguguleki kanye nezingxenye zokuvala, okubonisa ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwamathemba ezinto zobumba.

Amazwe athuthukile njengeJalimane, iJapan, i-United States, i-United Kingdom namanye amazwe abheka kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwezinto zobumba zobunjiniyela, etshala imali eningi kanye nabasebenzi ukuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yokucubungula kanye nobuchwepheshe bebumba lobumba lobunjiniyela. IJalimane iqalise uhlelo olubizwa ngokuthi “SFB442″, inhloso yalo ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-PVD ukuhlanganisa ifilimu efanelekile ebusweni bezingxenye ukuze kuthathelwe indawo indawo yokugcoba engaba yingozi emvelweni nasemzimbeni womuntu. U-PW Gold nabanye eJalimane basebenzise uxhaso oluvela ku-SFB442 ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-PVD ukufaka amafilimu amancane ebusweni be-rolling bearings futhi bathole ukuthi ukusebenza kokulwa nokuguguleka kwama-rolling bearings kuthuthukiswe kakhulu futhi amafilimu abekwe ebusweni angathatha indawo ngokuphelele yomsebenzi wezithasiselo ezicindezela kakhulu zokuguguleka. UJoachim, uFranz nabanye eJalimane basebenzise ubuchwepheshe be-PVD ukulungiselela amafilimu e-WC/C abonisa izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokulwa nokukhathala, eziphakeme kunezo zokugcoba eziqukethe izithasiselo ze-EP, umphumela ofanayo oveza ithuba lokufaka izithasiselo eziyingozi ngezimbozo. U-E. Lugscheider nabanye be-Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Aachen, eJalimane, ngoxhaso oluvela ku-DFG (GermanResearch Commission), babonise ukwanda okukhulu kokumelana nokukhathala ngemuva kokufaka amafilimu afanele ensimbini engu-100Cr6 besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-PVD. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uGeneral wase-United States Izimoto seziqalile ngefilimu yazo yokubeka ubuso begiya lemoto yohlobo lweVolvoS80Turbo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokukhathala; inkampani edumile iTimken yethule ifilimu ebizwa ngokuthi i-ES200 gear surface; uphawu lokuhweba olubhalisiwe lwe-MAXIT gear coating luvele eJalimane; uphawu lokuhweba olubhalisiwe lwe-Graphit-iC kanye ne-Dymon-iC ngokulandelana. Izingubo zegiya ezinezimpawu zokuhweba ezibhalisiwe ze-Graphit-iC kanye ne-Dymon-iC nazo ziyatholakala e-UK.

Njengezingxenye ezibalulekile zokudlulisa imishini, amagiya adlala indima ebalulekile embonini, ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukutadisha ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zobumba kumagiya. Njengamanje, izinto zobumba zobunjiniyela ezisetshenziswa kumagiya yilezi ezilandelayo.

1, ungqimba lwe-TiN lokumboza
1, i-TiN

Isembozo se-ion Isembozo se-TiN ceramic sendlalelo singenye yezembozo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu eziguqulwa ebusweni ezinobulukhuni obuphezulu, amandla aphezulu okunamathela, i-coefficient ephansi yokungqubuzana, ukumelana okuhle kokugqwala, njll. Sisetshenziswe kabanzi emikhakheni eyahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi embonini yamathuluzi neyokubumba. Isizathu esiyinhloko esithinta ukusetshenziswa kwesembozo se-ceramic kumagiya yinkinga yokubopha phakathi kwesembozo se-ceramic ne-substrate. Njengoba izimo zokusebenza kanye nezici ezithonya amagiya ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunezamathuluzi ne-molds, ukusetshenziswa kwesembozo se-TiN esisodwa ekuphathweni kobuso begiya kunqunyelwe kakhulu. Nakuba isembozo se-ceramic sinezinzuzo zobulukhuni obuphezulu, i-coefficient ephansi yokungqubuzana kanye nokumelana nokugqwala, siyaphuka futhi kunzima ukuthola isembozo esijiyile, ngakho-ke sidinga i-substrate enobulukhuni obuphezulu kanye namandla aphezulu ukusekela isembozo ukuze sidlale izici zaso. Ngakho-ke, isembozo se-ceramic sisetshenziswa kakhulu kwi-carbide kanye ne-substrate yensimbi esheshayo. Izinto zegiya zithambile uma ziqhathaniswa nezinto ze-ceramic, futhi umehluko phakathi kohlobo lwe-substrate kanye ne-coating mkhulu, ngakho-ke inhlanganisela ye-coating kanye ne-substrate ayilungile, futhi i-coating ayanele ukusekela i-coating, okwenza i-coating ibe lula ukuwa enkambisweni yokusebenzisa, hhayi nje kuphela ukuthi ayikwazi ukudlala izinzuzo ze-coating ye-ceramic, kodwa nezinhlayiya ze-ceramic coating eziwayo zizobangela ukuguguleka okukhulu kwegiya, okusheshisa ukulahleka kokuguguleka kwegiya. Isixazululo samanje ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha ubuso obuhlanganisiwe ukuthuthukisa isibopho phakathi kwe-ceramic kanye ne-substrate. Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha ubuso obuhlanganisiwe bubhekisela ekuhlanganisweni kwe-coating vapor deposition coating kanye nezinye izinqubo zokwelashwa kobuso noma i-coating, kusetshenziswa izindawo ezimbili ezihlukene/i-subsurfaces ukuguqula ubuso be-substrate ukuze kutholakale izakhiwo ze-composite mechanical ezingenakufezwa ngenqubo eyodwa yokwelapha ubuso. I-TiN composite coating efakwe yi-ion nitriding kanye ne-PVD ingenye yezingubo ezihlanganisiwe ezicwaningwe kakhulu. I-plasma nitriding substrate kanye ne-TiN ceramic composite coating zinesibopho esiqinile futhi ukumelana nokuguguleka kuthuthuke kakhulu.

Ubukhulu obuhle kakhulu besendlalelo sefilimu ye-TiN obunokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokuguguleka kanye nokubopha kwesisekelo sefilimu cishe bungu-3~4μm. Uma ubukhulu besendlalelo sefilimu bungaphansi kuka-2μm, ukumelana nokuguguleka ngeke kuthuthukiswe kakhulu. Uma ubukhulu besendlalelo sefilimu bungaphezu kuka-5μm, ukubopha kwesisekelo sefilimu kuzoncishiswa.

2, i-Multi-layer, i-multi-component TiN coating

Ngokusetshenziswa kancane kancane nangokubanzi kwezembozo ze-TiN, kunezifundo eziningi mayelana nendlela yokuthuthukisa nokuthuthukisa izembozo ze-TiN. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izembozo ezinezingxenye eziningi kanye nezembozo ezinezingqimba eziningi ziye zathuthukiswa ngokusekelwe kwezembozo ze-TiN ezimbili, njenge-Ti-CN, i-Ti-CNB, i-Ti-Al-N, i-Ti-BN, (Tix,Cr1-x)N, i-TiN/Al2O3, njll. Ngokufaka izinto ezifana ne-Al kanye ne-Si kwezembozo ze-TiN, ukumelana ne-oxidation yokushisa okuphezulu kanye nobunzima bezembozo kungathuthukiswa, kuyilapho ukwengeza izinto ezifana ne-B kungathuthukisa ubulukhuni kanye namandla okunamathela kwezembozo.

Ngenxa yobunzima bokwakheka kwezingxenye eziningi, kunezimpikiswano eziningi kulolu cwaningo. Ekucwaningweni kwezingxenye eziningi (Tix,Cr1-x)N, kukhona impikiswano enkulu emiphumeleni yocwaningo. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi izinhlaka (Tix,Cr1-x)N zisekelwe ku-TiN, futhi i-Cr ingaba khona kuphela ngesimo sesisombululo esiqinile sokufaka esikhundleni ku-TiN dot matrix, kodwa hhayi njengesigaba se-CrN esihlukile. Ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuthi inani lama-athomu e-Cr athatha indawo ngqo yama-athomu e-Ti kuzingxenye ze-(Tix,Cr1-x)N lilinganiselwe, kanti i-Cr esele ikhona esimweni se-singlet noma yakha inhlanganisela ne-N. Imiphumela yokuhlola ikhombisa ukuthi ukungezwa kwe-Cr ku-coating kunciphisa usayizi wezinhlayiya zobuso futhi kwandisa ubulukhuni, kanti ubulukhuni be-coating bufinyelela inani eliphezulu lapho iphesenti lesisindo se-Cr lifinyelela ku-3l%, kodwa ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi kwe-coating nakho kufinyelela inani eliphezulu.

3, Okunye ungqimba lokumboza

Ngaphezu kwezembozo ze-TiN ezisetshenziswa kakhulu, kusetshenziswa izinto eziningi zobumba zobunjiniyela ukuqinisa ubuso begiya.

(1) Y. UTerauchi nabanye baseJapan bafunde ukumelana nokuguguleka kokungqubuzana kwamagiya e-ceramic e-titanium carbide noma e-titanium nitride abekwe ngendlela yokufakwa komusi. Amagiya ashintshwa nge-carburize futhi apholishwa ukuze kufezwe ubulukhuni bomphezulu obungaba yi-HV720 kanye nobulukhuni bomphezulu obungu-2.4 μm ngaphambi kokufakwa, kanti ukuhlanganiswa kwe-ceramic kwalungiswa nge-chemical vapor deposition (CVD) ye-titanium carbide kanye ne-physical vapor deposition (PVD) ye-titanium nitride, enobukhulu befilimu ye-ceramic obungaba ngu-2 μm. Izakhiwo zokugqoka kokungqubuzana zahlolwa lapho kukhona uwoyela kanye nokungqubuzana okomile, ngokulandelana. Kwatholakala ukuthi ukumelana nokuklwebheka kanye nokumelana nokuklwebheka kwe-giya vice kwathuthukiswa kakhulu ngemva kokufakwa nge-ceramic.

(2) Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Ni-P ne-TiN okumbozwe ngamakhemikhali kwalungiswa ngokumboza i-Ni-P njengesendlalelo sokuguquka bese kufakwa i-TiN. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ubulukhuni bomphezulu walesi simbozo esihlanganisiwe buthuthukisiwe ngezinga elithile, futhi ukuhlanganiswa kuhlanganiswe kangcono ne-substrate futhi kunokumelana okungcono kokuguguleka.

(3) I-WC/C, ifilimu encane ye-B4C
UM. Murakawa nabanye, uMnyango Wezobunjiniyela Bemishini, i-Japan Institute of Technology, basebenzise ubuchwepheshe be-PVD ukufaka ifilimu encane ye-WC/C ebusweni bamagiya, futhi impilo yayo yokusebenza yayiphindwe kathathu kunegiya elivamile elicishiwe nelingaphansi kwezimo zokuthambisa ezingenawoyela. UFranz J nabanye basebenzise ubuchwepheshe be-PVD ukufaka ifilimu encane ye-WC/C ne-B4C ebusweni bamagiya e-FEZ-A ne-FEZ-C, futhi ukuhlolwa kubonise ukuthi uqweqwe lwe-PVD lunciphise kakhulu ukungqubuzana kwamagiya, lwenza igiya lingathinteki kalula ekunamatheni noma ekunamatheni okushisayo, futhi lwathuthukisa amandla okuthwala umthwalo wegiya.

(4) Amafilimu e-CrN
Amafilimu e-CrN afana namafilimu e-TiN ngoba anobulukhuni obuphezulu, kanti amafilimu e-CrN amelana kakhulu ne-oxidation yokushisa okuphezulu kune-TiN, anokumelana nokugqwala okungcono, ukucindezeleka kwangaphakathi okuphansi kunamafilimu e-TiN, kanye nokuqina okungcono. UChen Ling walungisa ifilimu ehlanganisiwe ye-TiAlCrN/CrN engagugi enesibopho esihle kakhulu esisekelwe kufilimu ebusweni be-HSS, futhi waphakamisa nombono wokuhlanganiswa kwe-dislocation wefilimu enezingqimba eziningi, uma umehluko wamandla okususwa phakathi kwezingqimba ezimbili mkhulu, ukususwa okwenzeka kungqimba olulodwa kuzoba nzima ukuwela i-interface yayo uye kolunye ungqimba, ngaleyo ndlela kwakha i-dislocation stacking esingqimbeni futhi kudlala indima yokuqinisa izinto. UZhong Bin wafunda umphumela wokuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen esakhiweni sesigaba kanye nezakhiwo zokuguga kokungqubuzana kwamafilimu e-CrNx, futhi ucwaningo lukhombisile ukuthi i-Cr2N (211) diffraction peak kumafilimu kancane kancane yancipha futhi i-CrN (220) peak yanda kancane kancane ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-N2, izinhlayiya ezinkulu ebusweni befilimu zancipha kancane kancane futhi ubuso babuthambekele ekubeni buyisicaba. Lapho umoya we-N2 wawungu-25 ml/min (umthombo we-arc wamanje oqondiwe wawungu-75 A, ifilimu ye-CrN efakiwe inekhwalithi enhle ebusweni, ubulukhuni obuhle kanye nokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokuguguleka lapho umoya we-N2 ungama-25ml/min (umthombo we-arc wamanje oqondiwe ungu-75A, ukucindezela okungekuhle kungu-100V).

(5) Ifilimu ye-Superhard
Ifilimu ye-Superhard iyifilimu eqinile enobulukhuni obungaphezu kwe-40GPa, ukumelana okuhle kakhulu nokuguguleka, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kanye ne-coefficient ephansi yokungqubuzana kanye ne-coefficient yokwanda kokushisa okuphansi, ikakhulukazi ifilimu yedayimane engaguguleka kanye nefilimu ye-CN. Amafilimu edayimane angaguguleka anezakhiwo ezi-amorphous, awanasakhiwo esihleliwe ibanga elide, futhi aqukethe inani elikhulu lezibopho ze-CC tetrahedral, ngakho-ke abizwa nangokuthi amafilimu e-tetrahedral angaguguleka. Njengohlobo lwefilimu ye-carbon engaguguleka, i-coating efana nedayimane (DLC) inezakhiwo eziningi ezinhle ezifana nedayimane, njengokuqhuba okuphezulu kokushisa, ubulukhuni obuphezulu, i-modulus ephezulu yokunwebeka, i-coefficient ephansi yokwanda kokushisa, ukuzinza okuhle kwamakhemikhali, ukumelana okuhle nokuguguleka kanye ne-coefficient ephansi yokungqubuzana. Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi amafilimu afana nedayimane okumboza ezindaweni zegiya angandisa impilo yesevisi ngesilinganiso esingu-6 futhi athuthukise kakhulu ukumelana nokukhathala. Amafilimu e-CN, aziwa nangokuthi amafilimu e-carbon-nitrogen angaguguleka, anesakhiwo sekristalu esifana nesamakhemikhali e-β-Si3N4 futhi aziwa nangokuthi i-β-C3N4. ULiu noCohen nabanye. benze izibalo eziqinile zethiyori besebenzisa izibalo zebhendi ezingaba khona kusukela kusimiso semvelo yokuqala, baqinisekisile ukuthi i-β-C3N4 inamandla amakhulu okubopha, isakhiwo esizinzile semishini, okungenani isimo esisodwa esizinzile singaba khona, futhi i-modulus yayo enwebekayo ifana nedayimane, enezakhiwo ezinhle, ezingathuthukisa ngempumelelo ubulukhuni bomphezulu kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka kwezinto futhi zinciphise i-coefficient yokungqubuzana.

(6) Olunye ungqimba lokumboza olungagugi lwe-alloy
Ezinye izembozo ezingagugi ze-alloy nazo ziye zazanywa ukufakwa kumagiya, isibonelo, ukufakwa kwengqimba ye-alloy ye-Ni-P-Co ebusweni bezinyo lamagiya ensimbi angu-45# kuyingqimba ye-alloy ukuthola inhlangano yokusanhlamvu okuhle kakhulu, okungandisa impilo kuze kube izikhathi ezingu-1.144 ~ 1.533. Kuye kwafundwa nokuthi isembozo sensimbi ye-Cu kanye ne-alloy ye-Ni-W kusetshenziswa ebusweni bezinyo lamagiya ensimbi ye-Cu-Cr-P alloy ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla ayo; isembozo se-alloy ye-Ni-W kanye ne-Ni-Co kusetshenziswa ebusweni bezinyo lamagiya ensimbi ye-HT250 ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokuguguleka ngezikhathi ezingu-4 ~ 6 uma kuqhathaniswa negiya elingagqokwanga.