Itekhnoloji yokwambathisa izixhobo

Itekhnoloji yokubeka i-PVD ibisetyenziswa iminyaka emininzi njengetekhnoloji entsha yokuguqula umphezulu, ingakumbi itekhnoloji yokubeka i-ion ye-vacuum, eye yaphuhliswa kakhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwaye ngoku isetyenziswa kakhulu kunyango lwezixhobo, iimold, iiringi zepiston, iigiya kunye nezinye izinto. Iigiya ezigqunywe ngetekhnoloji yokubeka i-ion ye-vacuum zinokunciphisa kakhulu i-friction coefficient, ziphucule i-anti-wear kunye ne-anti-corrosion ethile, kwaye ziye zaba yindawo ephambili nephambili yophando kwicandelo letekhnoloji yokuqinisa umphezulu wegiya.

Izinto eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa iigiya ikakhulu yintsimbi eqingqiweyo, intsimbi eqingqiweyo, isinyithi esiqingqiweyo, iintsimbi ezingezizo i-ferrous (ubhedu, i-aluminium) kunye neeplastiki. Intsimbi ikakhulu yintsimbi engama-45, i-35SiMn, i-40Cr, i-40CrNi, i-40MnB, i-38CrMoAl. Intsimbi ekhabhoni ephantsi isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-20Cr, 20CrMnTi, 20MnB, 20CrMnTo. Intsimbi eqingqiweyo isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiigiya ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okungcono, ngelixa intsimbi eqingqiweyo idla ngokusetyenziselwa ukwenza iigiya ezinobubanzi obungaphezulu kwe-400mm kunye nesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi. Iigiya zesinyithi eziqingqiweyo azinaglu kwaye azinamingxunya, kodwa ukungabikho kwempembelelo kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka, ikakhulu kumsebenzi ozinzileyo, amandla awenzi ngesantya esiphantsi okanye ubungakanani obukhulu kunye nemilo eyinkimbinkimbi, inokusebenza phantsi kwemeko yokungabikho kwe-lubrication, efanelekileyo ekudlulisweni okuvulekileyo. Iintsimbi ezingezizo i-ferrous ezisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-tin bronze, i-aluminium-iron bronze kunye ne-casting aluminium alloy, ezisetyenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni ii-turbines okanye ii-gears, kodwa iimpawu zokutyibilika kunye nezokulwa nokungqubana azilunganga, kuphela kwii-gears ezilula, ezinomthwalo ophakathi kunye nesantya esiphantsi. Ii-gears zezinto ezingezizo i-metallic zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiindawo ezithile ezineemfuno ezikhethekileyo, ezifana nokuthambisa okungena-oyile kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu. Intsimi yeemeko ezifana nongcoliseko oluphantsi, njengezixhobo zasekhaya, izixhobo zonyango, oomatshini bokutya kunye noomatshini belaphu.

Izixhobo zokugquma izixhobo

Izixhobo zeseramikhi zobunjineli zizinto ezithembisayo kakhulu ezinamandla aphezulu kunye nobunzima, ngakumbi ukumelana nobushushu obugqwesileyo, ukuqhuba ubushushu obuphantsi kunye nokwanda kobushushu, ukumelana nokuguguleka okuphezulu kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation. Inani elikhulu lezifundo libonise ukuba izixhobo zeseramikhi azinabushushu kwaye aziguguleki kakhulu kwiintsimbi. Ke ngoko, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zeseramikhi endaweni yezinto zesinyithi kwiindawo ezingagugulekiyo kunokuphucula ubomi be-friction sub, kunokuhlangabezana nezinye zezinto ezishushu kakhulu kunye nezixhobo ezingagugulekiyo, imisebenzi emininzi kunye nezinye iimfuno ezinzima. Okwangoku, izixhobo zeseramikhi zobunjineli zisetyenzisiwe ekwenziweni kweendawo ezingagugulekiyo kubushushu benjini, ukuhanjiswa koomatshini kwiindawo ezingagugulekiyo, izixhobo zeekhemikhali kwiindawo ezingagugulekiyo kunye neendawo zokutywina, okubonisa ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kwezinto zeseramikhi.

Amazwe aphuhlileyo afana neJamani, iJapan, iUnited States, iUnited Kingdom kunye namanye amazwe abeka ukubaluleka okukhulu kuphuhliso nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zobunjineli be-ceramic, etyala imali eninzi kunye nabasebenzi ukuphuhlisa ithiyori yokucubungula kunye netekhnoloji yee-ceramics zobunjineli. IJamani iqalise inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-“SFB442″, injongo yayo kukusebenzisa iteknoloji ye-PVD ukwenza ifilimu efanelekileyo phezu kweendawo ukuze ithathe indawo yesixhobo sokuthambisa esinokuba yingozi kwindalo esingqongileyo nasemzimbeni womntu. U-PW Gold nabanye eJamani basebenzise inkxaso-mali evela kwi-SFB442 ukusebenzisa iteknoloji ye-PVD ukufaka iifilimu ezincinci phezu kweendawo zeebheringi eziqengqelekayo kwaye bafumanise ukuba ukusebenza kokungagugi kweebheringi eziqengqelekayo kuphuculwe kakhulu kwaye iifilimu ezibekwe phezu kweendawo zinokuthatha indawo ngokupheleleyo yomsebenzi wezongezo ezichasene nokugugiswa koxinzelelo olukhulu. UJoachim, uFranz nabanye eJamani basebenzise iteknoloji ye-PVD ukulungiselela iifilimu ze-WC/C ezibonisa iipropati ezilungileyo zokulwa nokudinwa, eziphezulu kunezo zezithambiso ezinezongezo ze-EP, isiphumo esifanayo esivelisa ithuba lokutshintsha izongezo ezinobungozi ngeengubo. U-E. Lugscheider nabanye be-Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Aachen, eJamani, ngenkxaso-mali evela kwi-DFG (GermanResearch Commission), babonise ukwanda okukhulu kokuxhathisa ukudinwa emva kokufaka iifilimu ezifanelekileyo kwintsimbi ye-100Cr6 besebenzisa iteknoloji ye-PVD. Ukongeza, i-United States General I-Motors iqalile kwifilimu yayo yokubeka umphezulu wegiya yemoto yohlobo lweVolvoS80Turbo ukuphucula ukumelana nokudinwa; inkampani edumileyo yaseTimken iqalise ifilimu ebizwa ngokuba yi-ES200 gear surface; uphawu lwentengiso olubhalisiweyo lwe-MAXIT gear coating luvele eJamani; uphawu lwentengiso olubhalisiweyo lwe-Graphit-iC kunye ne-Dymon-iC ngokulandelelanayo. Ii-Gear coating ezineempawu zorhwebo ezibhalisiweyo ze-Graphit-iC kunye ne-Dymon-iC nazo ziyafumaneka e-UK.

Njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo yokudluliselwa koomatshini, iigiya zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kushishino, ngoko ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukufunda ngokusetyenziswa kwezinto zeseramikhi kwiigiya. Okwangoku, iiseramikhi zobunjineli ezisetyenziswa kwiigiya zezi zilandelayo.

1, TiN umaleko wokwaleka
1, iTiN

I-ion coating TiN ceramic layer yenye yezona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu ekuguqulweni komphezulu ezinobunzima obuphezulu, amandla aphezulu okunamathela, i-low friction coefficient, ukumelana okuhle nokugqwala, njl. Isetyenziswe kakhulu kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, ingakumbi kushishino lwezixhobo kunye nokungunda. Isizathu esiphambili esichaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwe-ceramic coating kwiigiya yingxaki yokubopha phakathi kwe-ceramic coating kunye ne-substrate. Ekubeni iimeko zokusebenza kunye nezinto ezichaphazela iigiya zinzima kakhulu kunezo zezixhobo kunye nokungunda, ukusetyenziswa kwe-single TiN coating kunyango lomphezulu wegiya kunqunyelwe kakhulu. Nangona i-ceramic coating ineenzuzo zobunzima obuphezulu, i-low friction coefficient kunye nokuxhathisa ukugqwala, ibuthathaka kwaye kunzima ukufumana i-coating etyebileyo, ngoko ke ifuna i-substrate enobunzima obuphezulu kunye namandla aphezulu ukuxhasa i-coating ukuze idlale iimpawu zayo. Ke ngoko, i-ceramic coating isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-carbide kunye nomphezulu wentsimbi okhawulezayo. Izinto zegiya zithambile xa zithelekiswa nezinto zeseramikhi, kwaye umahluko phakathi kohlobo lwe-substrate kunye ne-coating mkhulu, ngoko ke indibaniselwano ye-coating kunye ne-substrate ayilunganga, kwaye i-coating ayanelanga ukuxhasa i-coating, okwenza i-coating ibe lula ukuyiwa kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa, ayizukudlala nje kuphela iingenelo ze-coating yeseramikhi, kodwa amasuntswana e-coating yeseramikhi awelayo aya kubangela ukuguguleka okurhabaxa kwi-giya, okukhawulezisa ukulahleka kokuguguleka kwegiya. Isisombululo sangoku kukusebenzisa iteknoloji yonyango lomphezulu odibeneyo ukuphucula i-bond phakathi kwe-ceramic kunye ne-substrate. Iteknoloji yonyango lomphezulu odibeneyo ibhekisa kwindibaniselwano ye-physical vapor deposition coating kunye nezinye iinkqubo zonyango lomphezulu okanye i-coating, kusetyenziswa iindawo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo/i-subsurfaces ukuguqula umphezulu we-substrate ukuze kufunyanwe iipropati ze-composite mechanical ezingenakuphunyezwa ngenkqubo enye yonyango lomphezulu. I-TiN composite coating efakwe yi-ion nitriding kunye ne-PVD yenye yezona coating composite eziphandwe kakhulu. I-plasma nitriding substrate kunye ne-TiN ceramic composite coating zine-bond eqinileyo kwaye ukumelana nokuguguleka kuphuculwe kakhulu.

Ubukhulu obufanelekileyo bomaleko wefilimu ye-TiN obunokuxhathisa ukuguguleka okugqwesileyo kunye nokubophelela isiseko sefilimu bumalunga ne-3 ~ 4μm. Ukuba ubukhulu bomaleko wefilimu bungaphantsi kwe-2μm, ukuxhathisa ukuguguleka akuyi kuphuculwa kakhulu. Ukuba ubukhulu bomaleko wefilimu bungaphezulu kwe-5μm, ukubophelela isiseko sefilimu kuya kuncipha.

2, i-Multi-layer, i-multi-component TiN coating

Ngokusetyenziswa kancinci nangokubanzi kweengubo zeTiN, kukho uphando oluninzi malunga nendlela yokuphucula nokuphucula iingubo zeTiN. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iingubo ezineenxalenye ezininzi kunye neengubo ezineengqimba ezininzi ziye zaphuhliswa ngokusekelwe kwiingubo zeTiN ezimbini, ezifana neTi-CN, Ti-CNB, Ti-Al-N, Ti-BN, (Tix,Cr1-x)N, TiN/Al2O3, njl. Ngokongeza izinto ezifana neAl kunye neSi kwiingubo zeTiN, ukumelana ne-oxidation yobushushu obuphezulu kunye nobunzima beengubo kunokuphuculwa, ngelixa ukongeza izinto ezifana neB kunokuphucula ubunzima kunye namandla okunamathela kweengubo.

Ngenxa yobunzima bokwakheka kwezinto ezininzi, kukho iimpikiswano ezininzi kolu phononongo. Kuphononongo lweengubo ezininzi ze-(Tix,Cr1-x)N, kukho impikiswano enkulu kwiziphumo zophando. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba iingubo ze-(Tix,Cr1-x)N zisekelwe kwi-TiN, kwaye i-Cr inokubakho kuphela ngendlela yesisombululo esiqinileyo sokutshintsha kwi-TiN dot matrix, kodwa kungekhona njengesigaba se-CrN esahlukileyo. Ezinye izifundo zibonisa ukuba inani lee-athomu ze-Cr ezithatha indawo ngokuthe ngqo kwii-athomu ze-Ti kwi-(Tix,Cr1-x)N coatings lilinganiselwe, kwaye i-Cr eseleyo ikhona kwimeko ye-singlet okanye yenza i-compounds ne-N. Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba ukongezwa kwe-Cr kwingubo kunciphisa ubungakanani be-particle yomphezulu kwaye kwandisa ubunzima, kwaye ubunzima bengubo bufikelela kwixabiso layo eliphezulu xa ipesenti yobunzima be-Cr ifikelela kwi-3l%, kodwa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi lwengubo lufikelela kwixabiso layo eliphezulu.

3, Ezinye iileya zokugquma

Ukongeza kwiingubo zeTiN ezisetyenziswa rhoqo, iiseramikhi ezininzi zobunjineli zisetyenziselwa ukuqinisa umphezulu wegiya.

(1) Y. UTerauchi nabanye baseJapan bafunde ukumelana nokuguguleka kokungqubana kwe-titanium carbide okanye i-titanium nitride ceramic gears ezifakwe ngendlela yokubeka umphunga. Iigiya zagaywa zaza zapholishwa ukuze kufunyanwe ubunzima bomphezulu obumalunga ne-HV720 kunye noburhabaxa bomphezulu obuyi-2.4 μm ngaphambi kokufaka, kwaye ii-ceramic coatings zalungiswa yi-chemical vapor deposition (CVD) ye-titanium carbide kunye ne-physical vapor deposition (PVD) ye-titanium nitride, enobukhulu befilimu ye-ceramic obumalunga ne-2 μm. Iipropati zokuguguleka kokungqubana zaphandwa phambi kokuba kukho i-oyile kunye ne-dry friction, ngokulandelelana. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukumelana nokukrwela kunye nokumelana nokukrwela kwe-gear vice kwanda kakhulu emva kokufaka i-ceramic.

(2) Ukwambathiswa okudityanisiweyo kwe-Ni-P kunye ne-TiN efakwe iikhemikhali kwalungiswa ngokufaka i-Ni-P njengomaleko wotshintsho kwaza kwafakwa i-TiN. Olu phononongo lubonisa ukuba ubunzima bomphezulu wokwambathiswa okudityanisiweyo buphuculwe ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, kwaye ukwambathiswa kuhlanganiswe ngcono ne-substrate kwaye kunokumelana okungcono kokuguguleka.

(3) I-WC/C, ifilimu encinci ye-B4C
UM. Murakawa nabanye, iSebe lezobuNjineli boomatshini, iJapan Institute of Technology, basebenzise iteknoloji yePVD ukufaka ifilimu encinci yeWC/C phezu kweegiya, kwaye ubomi bayo benkonzo babuphindwe kathathu kuneegiya eziqhelekileyo ezicinyiweyo nezisemhlabeni phantsi kweemeko zokuthambisa ezingenaoyile. UFranz J nabanye basebenzise iteknoloji yePVD ukufaka ifilimu encinci yeWC/C kunye neB4C phezu kweegiya zeFEZ-A kunye neFEZ-C, kwaye uvavanyo lubonise ukuba i-PVD coating yanciphisa kakhulu ukungqubana kweegiya, yenza ukuba igiya ingachaphazeleki lula yigluing eshushu okanye igluing, kwaye yaphucula amandla okuthwala umthwalo wegiya.

(4) Iifilimu zeCrN
Iifilimu zeCrN zifana neefilimu zeTiN kuba zinobunzima obuphezulu, kwaye iifilimu zeCrN ziyakwazi ukumelana ne-oxidation yobushushu obuphezulu kuneTiN, zinokumelana nokugqwala okungcono, uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi oluphantsi kuneefilimu zeTiN, kunye nokuqina okungcono. UChen Ling walungisa ifilimu edityanisiweyo yeTiAlCrN/CrN engagugiyo ene-bonding esekwe kwifilimu kumphezulu we-HSS, kwaye wacebisa ithiyori yokudibanisa i-dislocation yefilimu ye-multilayer, ukuba umahluko wamandla okuhlukanisa phakathi kwee-layer ezimbini mkhulu, ukwahlukana okwenzeka kwi-layer enye kuya kuba nzima ukunqumla i-interface yayo uye kwenye i-layer, ngaloo ndlela kwakheka i-dislocation stacking kwi-interface kwaye idlala indima yokuqinisa izinto. UZhong Bin wafunda impembelelo yomxholo we-nitrogen kwisakhiwo sesigaba kunye neempawu zokuguguleka kokungqubana kweefilimu zeCrNx, kwaye uphando lubonise ukuba incochoyi ye-diffraction yeCr2N (211) kwiifilimu yancipha kancinci kancinci kwaye incochoyi yeCrN (220) yanda kancinci kancinci ngokwanda komxholo we-N2, amasuntswana amakhulu kumphezulu wefilimu ancipha kancinci kancinci kwaye umphezulu wawuthanda ukuba tyaba. Xa umoya we-N2 wawuyi-25 ml/min (umthombo we-arc current owawujoliswe kuwo wawuyi-75 A, ifilimu ye-CrN egciniweyo inomgangatho olungileyo womphezulu, ubulukhuni obuhle kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka okuhle xa umoya we-N2 ungama-25 ml/min (umthombo we-arc current owawujoliswe kuwo uyi-75A, uxinzelelo olubi yi-100V).

(5) Ifilimu yeSuperhard
Ifilimu yeSuperhard yifilimu eqinileyo enobunzima obungaphezulu kwe-40GPa, ukumelana nokuguguleka okugqwesileyo, ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye ne-coefficient ephantsi yokungqubana kunye ne-coefficient ephantsi yokunwebeka kobushushu, ikakhulu ifilimu yedayimani engaguqukiyo kunye nefilimu ye-CN. Iifilimu zedayimani ezingaguqukiyo zineempawu ezingaguqukiyo, azinasakhiwo esicwangcisiweyo somgama omde, kwaye ziqulathe inani elikhulu leebhondi ze-CC tetrahedral, ngoko ke zikwabizwa ngokuba ziifilimu ze-tetrahedral ezingaguqukiyo zekhabhoni. Njengohlobo lwefilimu yekhabhoni engaguqukiyo, i-coating efana nedayimani (DLC) ineempawu ezininzi ezintle ezifana nedayimani, ezinje nge-conductivity ephezulu yobushushu, ubunzima obuphezulu, i-modulus ephezulu ye-elastic, i-coefficient ephantsi yokwandiswa kobushushu, uzinzo oluhle lweekhemikhali, ukumelana nokuguguleka okuhle kunye ne-coefficient ephantsi yokungqubana. Kuye kwaboniswa ukuba iifilimu zokugquma ezifana nedayimani kwiindawo zegiya zinokwandisa ubomi benkonzo nge-6 kwaye ziphucule kakhulu ukumelana nokudinwa. Iifilimu ze-CN, ezaziwa ngokuba ziifilimu ze-carbon-nitrogen ezingaguqukiyo, zinesakhiwo sekristale esifana neso se-β-Si3N4 covalent compounds kwaye zaziwa ngokuba yi-β-C3N4. ULiu noCohen et al. benze izibalo ezingqongqo zethiyori besebenzisa izibalo zebhendi ezingabonakaliyo ukusuka kumgaqo wendalo yokuqala, baqinisekisile ukuba i-β-C3N4 inamandla amakhulu okubopha, isakhiwo esizinzileyo soomatshini, ubuncinci imeko enye engaphantsi kozinzo inokubakho, kwaye i-modulus yayo ethambileyo iyafana nedayimani, ineempawu ezilungileyo, ezinokuphucula ngempumelelo ubulukhuni bomphezulu kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka kwezinto kwaye zinciphise i-coefficient yokungqubana.

(6) Olunye umaleko wokugquma onganyangekiyo kwi-alloy
Ezinye iingubo ezinganyangekiyo ze-alloy nazo ziye zazanywa ukuba zisetyenziswe kwiigiya, umzekelo, ukufakwa kwe-Ni-P-Co alloy layer kumphezulu wezinyo we-45# steel gears yi-alloy layer yokufumana ulungelelwaniso lwengqolowa olucolekileyo kakhulu, olunokwandisa ubomi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1.144 ~ 1.533 amaxesha. Kukwafundwe nokuba i-Cu metal layer kunye ne-Ni-W alloy coating zisetyenziswa kumphezulu wezinyo we-Cu-Cr-P alloy cast iron gear ukuphucula amandla ayo; i-Ni-W kunye ne-Ni-Co alloy coating zisetyenziswa kumphezulu wezinyo we-HT250 cast iron gear ukuphucula ukumelana nokuguguleka ngamaxesha ama-4 ~ 6 xa kuthelekiswa ne-uncoated gear.