Fasahar shafa gear

An shafe shekaru da yawa ana amfani da fasahar adana PVD a matsayin sabuwar fasahar gyaran saman, musamman fasahar rufe ion na injin, wadda ta sami ci gaba mai girma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma yanzu ana amfani da ita sosai wajen magance kayan aiki, molds, zoben piston, gears da sauran abubuwan haɗin gwiwa. Gears ɗin da aka yi wa fenti da fasahar rufe ion na injin za ta iya rage yawan gogayya sosai, inganta hana lalacewa da wasu hanyoyin hana lalata, kuma sun zama abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai a fannin fasahar ƙarfafa saman gear.

Kayan da ake amfani da su don giya sune ƙarfe na ƙarfe, ƙarfe na siminti, ƙarfe na siminti, ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe (tagulla, aluminum) da robobi. Karfe galibi ƙarfe 45 ne, 35SiMn, 40Cr, 40CrNi, 40MnB, 38CrMoAl. Karfe mai ƙarancin carbon galibi ana amfani da shi a cikin 20Cr, 20CrMnTi, 20MnB, 20CrMnTo. Karfe mai ƙera galibi ana amfani da shi sosai a cikin giya saboda ingantaccen aikinsa, yayin da ake amfani da ƙarfe mai siminti don ƙera giya mai diamita > 400mm da tsari mai rikitarwa. Gilashin ƙarfe na siminti suna hana manne da juriyar rami, amma rashin tasiri da juriyar lalacewa, galibi don aiki mai karko, iko ba shi da ƙarancin gudu ko girma da siffa mai rikitarwa, na iya aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayin rashin man shafawa, wanda ya dace da watsawa a buɗe. Karfe marasa ƙarfe da ake amfani da su galibi sune tagulla na tin, tagulla na aluminum-iron da kuma ƙarfen aluminum, waɗanda aka fi amfani da su wajen kera turbines ko gears, amma halayen zamiya da hana gogayya ba su da kyau, kawai don gears masu sauƙi, matsakaici da ƙarancin gudu. Ana amfani da gears ɗin da ba na ƙarfe ba galibi a wasu fannoni waɗanda ke da buƙatu na musamman, kamar shafa mai ba tare da mai ba da kuma babban aminci. Fannin yanayi kamar ƙarancin gurɓatawa, kamar kayan gida, kayan aikin likita, injunan abinci da injunan yadi.

Kayan shafa gear

Kayan aikin injiniya na yumbu kayan aiki ne masu matuƙar kyau waɗanda ke da ƙarfi da tauri, musamman juriyar zafi mai kyau, ƙarancin ƙarfin zafi da faɗaɗa zafi, juriyar lalacewa mai yawa da juriyar iskar shaka. Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa kayan yumbu suna da juriyar zafi kuma suna da ƙarancin lalacewa akan ƙarfe. Saboda haka, amfani da kayan yumbu maimakon kayan ƙarfe don sassan da ke jure lalacewa na iya inganta rayuwar yankin gogayya, yana iya biyan wasu daga cikin kayan da ke jure zafi mai yawa da kuma yawan lalacewa, ayyuka masu yawa da sauran buƙatu masu wahala. A halin yanzu, ana amfani da kayan yumbu na injiniya wajen kera sassan da ke jure zafi na injin, watsawa na inji a cikin sassan lalacewa, kayan aikin sinadarai a cikin sassan da ke jure tsatsa da sassan rufewa, wanda ke ƙara nuna yawan amfani da kayan yumbu.

Kasashe masu tasowa kamar Jamus, Japan, Amurka, Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashe suna ba da muhimmanci sosai ga haɓaka da amfani da kayan aikin injiniya na yumbu, suna saka kuɗi mai yawa da ma'aikata don haɓaka ka'idar sarrafawa da fasahar yumbu na injiniya. Jamus ta ƙaddamar da wani shiri mai suna "SFB442", wanda manufarsa ita ce amfani da fasahar PVD don ƙirƙirar fim mai dacewa a saman sassan don maye gurbin mai mai da ke iya cutarwa ga muhalli da jikin ɗan adam. PW Gold da wasu a Jamus sun yi amfani da kuɗin daga SFB442 don amfani da fasahar PVD don saka siraran fina-finai a saman bearings kuma sun gano cewa aikin hana lalacewa na bearings na birgima ya inganta sosai kuma fina-finan da aka ajiye a saman na iya maye gurbin aikin ƙarin matsi mai ƙarfi. Joachim, Franz et al. a Jamus sun yi amfani da fasahar PVD don shirya fina-finan WC/C waɗanda ke nuna kyawawan halayen hana gajiya, waɗanda suka fi na man shafawa da ke ɗauke da ƙarin EP, sakamakon da hakan ke haifar da yuwuwar maye gurbin ƙarin abubuwa masu cutarwa da shafi. E. Lugscheider et al. na Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kayan Aiki, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Aachen, Jamus, tare da tallafin kuɗi daga DFG (Hukumar Binciken Jamusanci), sun nuna ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin juriyar gajiya bayan sanya fina-finai masu dacewa akan ƙarfe 100Cr6 ta amfani da fasahar PVD. Bugu da ƙari, Amurka General Motors ta An fara amfani da fim ɗin ajiyar kayan aikin mota na VolvoS80Turbo don inganta juriya ga gajiya; shahararren kamfanin Timken ya ƙaddamar da sunan fim ɗin saman gear na ES200; alamar kasuwanci mai rijista MAXIT gear coating ta bayyana a Jamus; alamar kasuwanci mai rijista Graphit-iC da Dymon-iC bi da bi Gilashin gear tare da alamun kasuwanci masu rijista Graphit-iC da Dymon-iC suma suna samuwa a Burtaniya.

A matsayin muhimman sassan watsawa na inji, gears suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a masana'antu, don haka yana da matukar muhimmanci a yi nazarin amfani da kayan yumbu a kan gears. A halin yanzu, yumbun injiniya da aka yi amfani da su a kan gears sune galibi kamar haka.

1, TiN shafi Layer
1, TiN

Rufin ion Layer na yumbu na TiN yana ɗaya daga cikin rufin da aka fi amfani da shi a saman da aka gyara tare da babban tauri, ƙarfin mannewa mai yawa, ƙarancin mannewa, kyakkyawan juriyar tsatsa, da sauransu. An yi amfani da shi sosai a fannoni daban-daban, musamman a masana'antar kayan aiki da mold. Babban dalilin da ya shafi aikace-aikacen murfin yumbu akan gears shine matsalar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin murfin yumbu da substrate. Tunda yanayin aiki da abubuwan da ke tasiri na gears sun fi rikitarwa fiye da na kayan aiki da molds, aikace-aikacen murfin TiN guda ɗaya akan maganin saman gear yana da iyaka sosai. Duk da cewa murfin yumbu yana da fa'idodin babban tauri, ƙarancin mannewa da juriyar tsatsa, yana da rauni kuma yana da wahalar samun rufin da ya kauri, don haka yana buƙatar babban tauri da babban ƙarfi don tallafawa murfin don yin wasa da halayensa. Saboda haka, galibi ana amfani da murfin yumbu don saman carbide da saman ƙarfe mai sauri. Kayan gear ɗin yana da laushi idan aka kwatanta da kayan yumbu, kuma bambancin da ke tsakanin yanayin substrate da shafi yana da girma, don haka haɗin murfin da substrate ɗin bai yi kyau ba, kuma murfin bai isa ya tallafa wa murfin ba, yana sa murfin ya zama mai sauƙin faɗuwa a cikin tsarin amfani, ba wai kawai ba zai iya yin fa'idodin murfin yumbu ba, har ma da barbashin rufin yumbu da ke faɗuwa za su haifar da lalacewa mai ƙarfi a kan kayan, wanda ke hanzarta asarar lalacewa na kayan. Mafita ta yanzu ita ce amfani da fasahar maganin saman haɗaɗɗiya don inganta haɗin tsakanin yumbu da substrate. Fasahar maganin saman haɗaɗɗiya tana nufin haɗuwar murfin tururi na zahiri da sauran hanyoyin maganin saman ko rufi, ta amfani da saman/ƙasa guda biyu daban-daban don gyara saman kayan substrate don samun halayen injiniya masu haɗawa waɗanda ba za a iya cimma su ta hanyar tsarin maganin saman guda ɗaya ba. Rufin hadadden TiN da aka ajiye ta hanyar ion nitriding da PVD yana ɗaya daga cikin rufin hadadden da aka fi bincike a kansu. Substrate nitriding na plasma da rufin hadadden TiN suna da ƙarfi kuma juriyar lalacewa tana inganta sosai.

Mafi kyawun kauri na Layer ɗin Fim ɗin TiN tare da kyakkyawan juriyar lalacewa da haɗin tushen fim shine kusan 3 ~ 4μm. Idan kauri na Layer ɗin Fim ɗin bai kai 2μm ba, juriyar lalacewa ba za ta inganta sosai ba. Idan kauri na Layer ɗin Fim ɗin ya fi 5μm, haɗin tushen fim ɗin zai ragu.

2, Multi-layer, multi-partment shafi TiN

Tare da amfani da murfin TiN a hankali da kuma yaɗuwa, ana ci gaba da bincike kan yadda ake inganta da kuma inganta murfin TiN. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an ƙirƙiri murfin sassa da yawa da kuma murfin layuka da yawa bisa ga murfin TiN binary, kamar Ti-CN, Ti-CNB, Ti-Al-N, Ti-BN, (Tix,Cr1-x)N, TiN/Al2O3, da sauransu. Ta hanyar ƙara abubuwa kamar Al da Si ga murfin TiN, ana iya inganta juriya ga iskar shaka mai zafi da tauri na murfin, yayin da ƙara abubuwa kamar B na iya inganta tauri da ƙarfin mannewa na murfin.

Saboda sarkakiyar tsarin sinadaran da yawa, akwai cece-kuce da yawa a cikin wannan binciken. A cikin nazarin (Tix,Cr1-x)N masu rufi da yawa, akwai babban cece-kuce a cikin sakamakon binciken. Wasu mutane sun yi imanin cewa (Tix,Cr1-x)N masu rufi sun dogara ne akan TiN, kuma Cr na iya wanzuwa ne kawai a cikin nau'in mafita mai ƙarfi a cikin matrix na TiN, amma ba a matsayin wani mataki na CrN daban ba. Wasu nazarin sun nuna cewa adadin atom ɗin Cr kai tsaye wanda ke maye gurbin atom ɗin Ti a cikin (Tix,Cr1-x)N masu rufi yana da iyaka, kuma sauran Cr yana wanzuwa a cikin yanayin singlet ko kuma yana samar da mahaɗan tare da N. Sakamakon gwaji ya nuna cewa ƙara Cr zuwa ga murfin yana rage girman barbashi na saman kuma yana ƙara tauri, kuma tauri na murfin ya kai mafi girman ƙimarsa lokacin da yawan Cr ya kai 3l%, amma damuwa ta ciki na murfin shima ya kai matsakaicin ƙimarsa.

3, Sauran shafi Layer

Baya ga rufin TiN da aka saba amfani da shi, ana amfani da yumbu iri-iri na injiniya don ƙarfafa saman gear.

(1)Y. Terauchi da abokan aikinsa na Japan sun yi nazarin juriyar lalacewar gogayya na gears ɗin titanium carbide ko titanium nitride da aka ajiye ta hanyar tururin. An yi carburized gears ɗin kuma an goge su don samun taurin saman kusan HV720 da kuma kauri na saman 2.4 μm kafin a shafa su, kuma an shirya rufin yumbu ta hanyar sinadaran tururin (CVD) don titanium carbide da kuma ta hanyar tururin jiki (PVD) don titanium nitride, tare da kauri na fim ɗin yumbu na kimanin 2 μm. An binciki halayen gogayya a gaban gogayya mai da bushewa, bi da bi. An gano cewa juriyar gogayya da juriyar karce na gear vice sun inganta sosai bayan an shafa su da yumbu.

(2) An shirya wani shafi mai hade da sinadarin Ni-P da TiN da aka shafa da sinadarai ta hanyar shafa Ni-P a matsayin wani tsari na canzawa sannan a saka TiN a ciki. Binciken ya nuna cewa an inganta taurin saman wannan shafi mai hade zuwa wani mataki, kuma murfin ya fi dacewa da substrate kuma yana da juriyar lalacewa.

(3) WC/C, fim ɗin siriri na B4C
M. Murakawa da sauransu, Sashen Injiniyan Injini, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Japan, sun yi amfani da fasahar PVD don saka fim ɗin siriri na WC/C a saman giya, kuma tsawon lokacin aikinsa ya ninka na giyar da aka kashe da kuma giyar ƙasa sau uku a ƙarƙashin yanayin man shafawa mara mai. Franz J da sauransu sun yi amfani da fasahar PVD don saka fim ɗin siriri na WC/C da B4C a saman giyar FEZ-A da FEZ-C, kuma gwajin ya nuna cewa rufin PVD ya rage gogayya sosai ga giya, ya sa giyar ta rage saurin mannewa ko mannewa mai zafi, kuma ya inganta ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya na giyar.

(4) Fina-finan CrN
Fina-finan CrN suna kama da fina-finan TiN saboda suna da tauri mafi girma, kuma fina-finan CrN sun fi juriya ga iskar shaka mai zafi fiye da TiN, suna da juriyar tsatsa, ƙarancin damuwa na ciki fiye da fina-finan TiN, da kuma tauri mafi kyau. Chen Ling et ya shirya fim ɗin haɗaka na TiAlCrN/CrN mai jure lalacewa tare da kyakkyawan haɗin fim akan saman HSS, kuma ya gabatar da ka'idar tattarawar fim mai layuka da yawa, idan bambancin kuzarin rushewa tsakanin layuka biyu ya yi girma, rushewar da ke faruwa a cikin layi ɗaya zai yi wuya a ratsa hanyar haɗinsa zuwa ɗayan layin, don haka ya samar da tarin rushewa a hanyar haɗin kuma yana taka rawar ƙarfafa kayan. Zhong Bin et ya yi nazarin tasirin abun ciki na nitrogen akan tsarin lokaci da halayen lalacewa na gogayya na fina-finan CrNx, kuma binciken ya nuna cewa kololuwar diffraction na Cr2N (211) a cikin fina-finan a hankali ta raunana kuma kololuwar CrN (220) ta ƙaru a hankali tare da ƙaruwar abun ciki na N2, manyan barbashi akan saman fim ɗin sun ragu a hankali kuma saman ya kasance mai faɗi. Lokacin da iskar N2 ta kasance 25 ml/min (ma'aunin wutar lantarki na tushen da aka nufa shine 75 A, fim ɗin CrN da aka ajiye yana da ingancin saman, tauri mai kyau da juriya mai kyau lokacin da iskar N2 ta kasance 25ml/min (ma'aunin wutar lantarki na tushen da aka nufa shine 75A, matsin lamba mara kyau shine 100V).

(5) Fim mai ƙarfi
Fim ɗin Superhard fim ne mai ƙarfi wanda ke da tauri fiye da 40GPa, juriya mai kyau ga lalacewa, juriya mai zafi da ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa da ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa na zafi, galibi fim ɗin lu'u-lu'u mai amorphous da fim ɗin CN. Fim ɗin lu'u-lu'u mai amorphous suna da halayen amorphous, ba su da tsari mai tsayi, kuma suna ɗauke da adadi mai yawa na haɗin CC tetrahedral, don haka ana kiran su da tetrahedral amorphous carbon films. A matsayin wani nau'in fim ɗin carbon mai amorphous, rufin lu'u-lu'u (DLC) yana da kyawawan halaye masu kama da lu'u-lu'u, kamar babban ƙarfin zafi, babban tauri, babban modulus mai roba, ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa na faɗaɗa zafi, kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai, kyakkyawan juriya ga lalacewa da ƙarancin haɗin gwiwa. An nuna cewa rufe fina-finan lu'u-lu'u a saman gear na iya tsawaita rayuwar sabis da kashi 6 kuma yana inganta juriya ga gajiya sosai. Fim ɗin CN, wanda aka fi sani da fina-finan carbon-nitrogen amorphous, suna da tsarin lu'u-lu'u mai kama da na mahaɗan β-Si3N4 covalent kuma an san su da β-C3N4. Liu da Cohen et al. ya yi lissafin ka'idoji masu tsauri ta amfani da lissafin band na karya daga ƙa'idar yanayi ta farko, ya tabbatar da cewa β-C3N4 yana da babban kuzarin ɗaurewa, tsarin injiniya mai ƙarfi, aƙalla yanayi ɗaya mara ƙarfi zai iya wanzuwa, kuma tsarin robarsa yana kama da lu'u-lu'u, tare da kyawawan halaye, wanda zai iya inganta taurin saman da juriyar lalacewa na kayan kuma rage yawan gogayya.

(6) Sauran layin shafi mai jure wa gubar ƙarfe
An kuma yi ƙoƙarin shafa wasu fenti masu jure wa lalacewa ta hanyar ƙarfe a kan gears, misali, sanya Layer ɗin Ni-P-Co a kan haƙoran gears na ƙarfe 45# wani Layer ne na ƙarfe don samun tsari mai kyau na hatsi, wanda zai iya tsawaita tsawon rai har zuwa sau 1.144 ~ 1.533. An kuma yi nazari cewa ana shafa Layer ɗin ƙarfe na Cu da fenti na Ni-W akan saman haƙoran gears na ƙarfe na Cu-Cr-P don inganta ƙarfinsa; Ana shafa fenti na Ni-W da Ni-Co akan saman haƙoran gears na ƙarfe na HT250 don inganta juriyar lalacewa da sau 4 ~ 6 idan aka kwatanta da kayan da ba a rufe ba.