Ikoranabuhanga ryo gusiga ibikoresho

Ikoranabuhanga ryo gusiga PVD rimaze imyaka myinshi rikoreshwa nk'ikoranabuhanga rishya ryo guhindura ubuso, cyane cyane ikoranabuhanga ryo gusiga irangi ry'imvange, ryateye imbere cyane mu myaka ya vuba aha kandi ubu rikoreshwa cyane mu kuvura ibikoresho, ibumba, impeta za piston, ibikoresho n'ibindi bice. Ibikoresho bitwikiriwe n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gusiga irangi ry'imvange bishobora kugabanya cyane ubushobozi bwo gukururana, kunoza uburyo bwo kurwanya kwangirika no kurwanya ingese, kandi byabaye ahantu hakomeye mu bushakashatsi mu bijyanye n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gukomeza ubuso bw'ibikoresho.

Ibikoresho bisanzwe bikoreshwa mu gucura ibikoresho ni icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa "furniture", icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa "furniture", icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa "furniture", ibyuma bidakoresha feri (umuringa, aluminiyumu) ​​na pulasitiki. Icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa "furniture" ni icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa "furniture" 45, 35SiMn, 40Cr, 40CrNi, 40MnB, 38CrMoAl. Icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa "furniture" gikoreshwa cyane muri 20Cr, 20CrMnTi, 20MnB, 20CrMnTo. Icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa "furniture" gikoreshwa cyane muri mashini kubera imikorere yacyo myiza, mu gihe icyuma gikozwe mu buryo bwa "furniture" gikoreshwa mu gukora mashini zifite umurambararo wa "diameter" wa "mm" > 400 n'imiterere igoye. "furniture" zirwanya kole n'ubudahangarwa bw'imiyoboro, ariko kutagira ingaruka no kudashira, ahanini ku kazi gahoraho, ingufu si umuvuduko muto cyangwa ingano nini kandi ifite imiterere igoye, zishobora gukora mu gihe nta mavuta akenewe, zikwiriye koherezwa mu buryo bufunguye. Ibyuma bidakoresha icyuma bikunze gukoreshwa ni bronze y'ibati, bronze y'icyuma ya aluminiyumu n'icyuma gicana, bikunze gukoreshwa mu gukora turbine cyangwa verisiyo, ariko imiterere yabyo yo kumanuka no kurwanya gucikagurika ni mibi, gusa ku byuma byoroshye, biciriritse n'ibinyabiziga byihuta. Ibikoresho bidakoresha icyuma bikoreshwa ahanini mu nzego zimwe na zimwe zifite ibisabwa byihariye, nko gusiga amavuta kandi byizewe cyane. Urwego rw'imiterere nk'iy'umwanda muke, nk'ibikoresho byo mu rugo, ibikoresho by'ubuvuzi, imashini zikoresha ibiribwa n'imashini zikoresha imyenda.

Ibikoresho byo gusiga ibikoresho

Ibikoresho bya keramike by’ubwubatsi ni ibikoresho byiza cyane bifite imbaraga n’ubukana bwinshi, cyane cyane birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi, bigabanya ubushyuhe kandi bikura mu bushyuhe, birwanya kwangirika cyane kandi birwanya ogisijeni. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwagaragaje ko ibikoresho bya keramike birwanya ubushyuhe kandi bifite ubwangirike buke ku byuma. Kubwibyo, gukoresha ibikoresho bya keramike aho gukoresha ibikoresho by’icyuma mu bice birwanya kwangirika bishobora kunoza ubuzima bw’igice cyo hasi, bishobora guhaza bimwe mu bikoresho birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi n’ubwangirike bwinshi, bifite imikorere myinshi n’ibindi bikenewe bikomeye. Kuri ubu, ibikoresho bya keramike by’ubwubatsi byakoreshejwe mu gukora ibice birwanya ubushyuhe bya moteri, kohereza ibikoresho bya mekanike mu bice birwanya kwangirika, ibikoresho bya chimique mu bice birwanya kwangirika no gufunga ibice, bigaragaza ko ibikoresho bya keramike bikoreshwa cyane.

Ibihugu byateye imbere nk'Ubudage, Ubuyapani, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Ubwongereza n'ibindi bihugu biha agaciro gakomeye iterambere n'ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho by'ubuhanga bya ceramic, bigashora amafaranga menshi n'abakozi mu guteza imbere inyigisho yo gutunganya no gukoresha ikoranabuhanga ry'ubuhanga bwa ceramic. Ubudage bwatangije gahunda yitwa "SFB442", intego yayo ikaba ari ugukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya PVD mu gukora filime ikwiye ku buso bw'ibice kugira ngo isimbuze amavuta ashobora kwangiza ibidukikije n'umubiri w'umuntu. PW Gold n'abandi bo mu Budage bakoresheje inkunga ya SFB442 mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya PVD kugira ngo bashyire filime nto ku buso bw'ibyuma bizunguruka kandi basanze imikorere yo kurwanya kwangirika kw'ibyuma bizunguruka yarushijeho kuba myiza kandi filime zishyizwe ku buso zishobora gusimbura burundu imikorere y'ibikoresho birwanya kwangirika cyane. Joachim, Franz n'abandi bo mu Budage bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya PVD mu gutegura filime za WC/C zigaragaza imiterere myiza yo kurwanya umunaniro, iruta iyo amavuta arimo ibikoresho bya EP, ingaruka zikaba zitanga amahirwe yo gusimbuza ibikoresho byangiza n'ibindi bikoresho. E. Lugscheider n'abandi bo mu Kigo cy'Ubumenyi bw'Ibikoresho, Kaminuza ya Tekiniki ya Aachen, mu Budage, batewe inkunga na DFG (Komisiyo y'Ubushakashatsi y'Abadage), bagaragaje ko bashoboye kongera imbaraga mu kurwanya umunaniro nyuma yo gushyira filime zikwiye ku cyuma cya 100Cr6 bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya PVD. Byongeye kandi, Jenerali wa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika Moteri yatangiye gukoresha filime yayo yo mu bwoko bwa VolvoS80Turbo yo gushyiramo ibikoresho byo mu modoka kugira ngo yongere ubushobozi bwo kwirinda umunaniro; isosiyete izwi cyane ya Timken yashyize ahagaragara filime yitwa ES200 yo gushyiramo ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa ES200; ikirango cya MAXIT cyo gushyiramo ibikoresho cyanditswe cyaragaragaye mu Budage; ikirango cyanditswe cya Graphit-iC na Dymon-iC. Ibirango bya Gear bifite ikirango cyanditswe cya Graphit-iC na Dymon-iC nabyo biraboneka mu Bwongereza.

Nk'ibice by'ingenzi by'imashini zikoresha ikoranabuhanga, ibyuma bigira uruhare runini mu nganda, bityo ni ingenzi cyane kwiga ikoreshwa ry'ibikoresho bya ceramic ku bikoresho. Muri iki gihe, ibyuma bya ceramic bikoreshwa kuri ibyo bikoresho ahanini ni ibi bikurikira.

Urwego rwa 1, TiN
1, TiN

Irangi rya Ion TiN ceramic layer ni imwe mu marangi akoreshwa cyane mu guhindura ubuso ifite ubukana bwinshi, imbaraga nyinshi zo gufatana, ubushobozi buke bwo gushwanyagurika, ubushobozi bwiza bwo kurwanya ingese, nibindi. Yakoreshejwe cyane mu nzego zitandukanye, cyane cyane mu nganda z'ibikoresho n'ibihumyo. Impamvu nyamukuru igira ingaruka ku ikoreshwa rya ceramic coating ku marangi ni ikibazo cyo guhuza hagati ya ceramic coating na substrate. Kubera ko imiterere y'akazi n'ibintu bigira ingaruka kuri ceramic bigoye cyane kurusha ibikoresho n'ibihumyo, ikoreshwa rya TiN coating imwe ku buso bw'ibyuma ni imbogamizi cyane. Nubwo ceramic coating ifite ibyiza byo gukomera cyane, ubushobozi buke bwo gushwanyagurika no kudashwanyagurika, irashya kandi iragoye kubona ceramic nini, bityo ikenera hardness nyinshi n'imbaraga nyinshi kugira ngo ishyigikire coloration kugira ngo ikore neza. Kubwibyo, ceramic coating ikoreshwa cyane ku buso bwa carbide n'icyuma cyihuta. Ibikoresho by'ibikoresho ni byoroshye ugereranije n'ibikoresho bya ceramic, kandi itandukaniro riri hagati y'imiterere y'icyuma n'igipfundikizo ni rinini, bityo imvange y'igipfundikizo n'igipfundikizo ni mbi, kandi igipfundikizo ntigihagije kugira ngo gishyigikire igipfundikizo, bigatuma igipfundikizo cyoroshye kugwa mu gihe cyo gukoreshwa, ntabwo gishobora gusa kugira akamaro k'igipfundikizo cya ceramic, ahubwo n'uduce twa ceramic ducika tuzatera kwangirika gukabije ku gipfundikizo, bikihutisha kwangirika kw'igipfundikizo. Umuti uriho ubu ni ugukoresha ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ubuso buvanze kugira ngo wongere isano iri hagati ya ceramic na substrate. Ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya ubuso buvanze risobanura guhuza igipfundikizo cyo gushyira umwuka mu kirere n'izindi nzira zo gutunganya ubuso cyangwa igipfundikizo, hakoreshejwe ubuso bubiri butandukanye/ubuso bubiri bwo hasi kugira ngo uhindure ubuso bw'icyuma kugira ngo ubone imiterere ya mekanike idashobora kugerwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bumwe bwo gutunganya ubuso. Igipfundikizo cya TiN gishyirwamo na ion nitriding na PVD ni kimwe mu bipfundikizo byakoreweho ubushakashatsi cyane. Igipfundikizo cya plasma nitriding na TiN ceramic composite coatment bifite isano ikomeye kandi ubudahangarwa bw'ubwangirike burarushaho kwiyongera.

Ubunini bwiza bw'urwego rwa firime ya TiN rufite ubushobozi bwo kudashira neza no gufatana kw'ifatizo rya firime ni nka 3 ~ 4μm. Niba ubunini bw'urwego rwa firime buri munsi ya 2μm, ubushobozi bwo kudashira ntabwo buzarushaho kwiyongera cyane. Niba ubunini bw'urwego rwa firime burenze 5μm, gufatana kw'ifatizo rya firime bizagabanuka.

2. Gutwikira TiN mu byiciro byinshi, bifite ibice byinshi

Bitewe n’ikoreshwa ry’udupira twa TiN buhoro buhoro kandi tugakwirakwira, hari ubushakashatsi bwinshi ku buryo bwo kunoza no kunoza udupira twa TiN. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, udupira tw’ibice byinshi n’udupira tw’ibice byinshi twakozwe hashingiwe ku dupira twa TiN, nka Ti-CN, Ti-CNB, Ti-Al-N, Ti-BN, (Tix,Cr1-x)N, TiN/Al2O3, n’ibindi. Mu kongeramo ibintu nka Al na Si ku dupira twa TiN, kurwanya oxidation y’ubushyuhe bwinshi n’ubukana bw’udupira bishobora kongerwa, mu gihe kongeramo ibintu nka B bishobora kongera ubukana n’imbaraga zo gufatana kw’udupira.

Bitewe n’ubugoranye bw’ibice byinshi, hari impaka nyinshi muri ubu bushakashatsi. Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku bipimo byinshi bya (Tix,Cr1-x)N, hari impaka zikomeye mu byavuye mu bushakashatsi. Hari abantu bizera ko ibipimo bya (Tix,Cr1-x)N bishingiye kuri TiN, kandi Cr ishobora kubaho gusa mu buryo bwo gusimbuza umuti ukomeye muri TiN dot matrix, ariko ntabwo ari nk'icyiciro cya CrN gitandukanye. Ubundi bushakashatsi bwerekana ko umubare wa atome za Cr zisimbura atome za Ti mu bipimo bya (Tix,Cr1-x)N ni muto, kandi Cr isigaye ibaho mu buryo bwa singlet cyangwa igakora imvange na N. Ibisubizo by'igerageza bigaragaza ko kongeramo Cr ku gipimo bigabanya ingano y'uduce tw'ubuso kandi byongera ubukana, kandi ubukana bw'igipimo bugera ku gaciro kayo kanini iyo ijanisha ry'uburemere bwa Cr rigeze kuri 3l%, ariko stress y'imbere y'igipimo nayo igera ku gaciro kayo ntarengwa.

3, Urundi rwego rwo gusiga

Uretse irangi rya TiN rikoreshwa cyane, hari n'ibindi bikoresho byinshi bitandukanye bya tekiniki bikoreshwa mu gukomeza ubuso bw'ibikoresho.

(1) Y. Terauchi n'abandi bo mu Buyapani biga ku kuntu ibikoresho bya titanium carbide cyangwa titanium nitride ceramic byangiritse bitewe n'uburyo bwo gushyiramo umwuka. Ibyo bikoresho byashyizwemo kaburimbo hanyuma bisukurwa kugira ngo bigire ubukana bwa HV720 n'ubukana bwa 2.4 μm mbere yo gusiga, naho ibikoresho bya ceramic byateguwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa chemical vapor deposition (CVD) kuri titanium carbide no gukoresha physical vapor deposition (PVD) kuri titanium nitride, bifite ubugari bwa ceramic bunganaga na 2 μm. Imiterere y'uburyo ibikoresho byangiritse yasuzumwe mu gihe hari amavuta n'ubwumye. Byagaragaye ko uburyo ibikoresho byangiritse n'uburyo byangiritse byarushijeho kwiyongera nyuma yo gusigamo ceramic.

(2) Irangi rya Ni-P na TiN byasizweho imiti ryateguwe hakoreshejwe Ni-P mbere yo gusiga nk'urwego rw'impinduka hanyuma rigashyirwamo TiN. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ubukana bw'ubuso bw'iri rangi ryakozwe bwarushijeho kunozwa ku rugero runaka, kandi irangi rifatanye neza n'ikirahure kandi rikagira ubushobozi bwo kwangirika neza.

(3) Icyuma gifunganye cya WC/C, icyuma gifunganye cya B4C
M. Murakawa n'abandi, Ishami ry'Ubwubatsi bw'imashini, Ikigo cy'Ikoranabuhanga cy'Ubuyapani, bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya PVD kugira ngo bashyire filime nto ya WC/C ku buso bwa vitesi, kandi igihe cyo kuyikoresha cyari inshuro eshatu ugereranyije n'ibisanzwe byazimye kandi byometse ku butaka mu gihe cyo gushyira amavuta mu buryo butagira amavuta. Franz J n'abandi bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya PVD kugira ngo bashyire filime nto ya WC/C na B4C ku buso bwa vitesi za FEZ-A na FEZ-C, kandi igerageza ryagaragaje ko irangi rya PVD ryagabanije cyane ubwivumbure bw'ibitesi, rituma vitesi idashyuha cyangwa irangi, kandi ryongera ubushobozi bwo gutwara imizigo bw'ibitesi.

(4) Filime za CrN
Filimi za CrN zisa na firime za TiN kuko zifite ubukana bwinshi, kandi firime za CrN zirwanya cyane oxidation y'ubushyuhe bwinshi kurusha TiN, zifite ubukana bwiza bwo kwangirika, zigabanya umuvuduko w'imbere kurusha firime za TiN, kandi zifite ubukana bwiza. Chen Ling yateguye firime ya TiAlCrN/CrN ihuza TiAlCrN/CrN ifite ubushobozi bwo kwangirika ifite firime nziza cyane ishingiye ku buso bwa HSS, kandi yanatanze igitekerezo cyo kwangirika kw'itsinda rya firime y'ibice byinshi, niba itandukaniro ry'ingufu zo kwangirika hagati y'ibice bibiri ari rinini, kwangirika kugaragara mu cyiciro kimwe bizagorana kwambukiranya ihuriro ryayo mu kindi gice, bityo hakajyaho kwangirika kw'itsinda ku ihuriro kandi bigatera imbaraga ibikoresho. Zhong Bin yize ingaruka z'umubare wa azote ku miterere y'igice n'imiterere yo kwangirika kw'ibice bya firime za CrNx, kandi ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko uburebure bwa Cr2N (211) muri firime bwagabanutse buhoro buhoro kandi uburebure bwa CrN (220) bwagiye burushaho kwiyongera uko ingano ya N2 yiyongera, uduce duto ku buso bwa firime twagabanutse buhoro buhoro kandi ubuso bwakundaga kuba burambuye. Iyo umwuka wa N2 wari 25 ml/umunota (umuyoboro w’amazi wa arc source wari 75 A, firime ya CrN yashyizwemo ifite ubuziranenge bwiza ku buso, ubukana bwiza kandi idashobora kwangirika neza iyo umwuka wa N2 uri 25 ml/umunota (umuyoboro w’amazi wa arc source ni 75A, umuvuduko mubi ni 100V).

(5) Filime ikomeye
Filimi ikomeye ni filime ikomeye ifite ubukana burenga 40GPa, irwanya kwangirika neza, irwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ubukonje buke hamwe n'ubukonje buke bwo kwaguka, ahanini filime ya diyama idahinduka na filime ya CN. Filimi za diyama zidahinduka zifite imiterere idahinduka, nta miterere irebire, kandi zigizwe n'imigozi myinshi ya CC tetrahedral, bityo zitwa kandi filime za diyama zidahinduka. Nk'ubwoko bwa filime ya karuboni idahinduka, irangi rimeze nk'irya diyama (DLC) rifite imiterere myinshi myiza isa na diyama, nko gutwara ubushyuhe bwinshi, ubukonje bwinshi, modulus ikura cyane, ubukonje buke bwo kwaguka, ubukonje bwiza bwa shimi, ubukonje bwiza bwo kwaguka no ubukonje buke. Byagaragaye ko filime zimeze nk'irya diyama ku buso bw'ibikoresho zishobora kongera igihe cyo gukora ku kigero cya 6 no kunoza cyane ubukana bw'umunaniro. Filimi za CN, zizwi kandi nka filime za diyama zidahinduka na azote, zifite imiterere ya kristu isa n'iya β-Si3N4 covalent compounds kandi zizwi kandi nka β-C3N4. Liu na Cohen et al. bakoze imibare ikomeye y’inyigisho bakoresheje imibare y’ingufu zishingiye ku ihame rya kamere karemano, bemeje ko β-C3N4 ifite ingufu nyinshi zo gufatanya, imiterere ihamye ya mekanike, nibura imiterere imwe idahindagurika ishobora kubaho, kandi modulus yayo iragereranywa na diyama, ifite imiterere myiza, ishobora kunoza neza ubukana bw’ubuso no kudashira kw’ibikoresho no kugabanya ingano y’ubushyuhe.

(6) Urundi rwego rwo gusigaho irangi rudashira mu buryo bw'imashini
Hari n'ibindi bikoresho birwanya kwangirika kw'inzoga byageragejwe gushyirwa ku byuma, urugero, gushyiramo urwego rwa Ni-P-Co alloy ku rundi ruhande rw'amenyo ya 45# byuma ni urwego rwa alloy kugira ngo haboneke imiterere myiza y'ibinyampeke, bishobora kongera igihe cyo kubaho kugeza ku nshuro 1.144 ~ 1.533. Byanakorewe inyigo ko urwego rwa Cu metal na Ni-W alloy coat bishyirwa ku rundi ruhande rw'amenyo ya Cu-Cr-P alloy cast iron gear kugira ngo byongere imbaraga zabyo; Ni-W na Ni-Co alloy coat bishyirwa ku rundi ruhande rw'amenyo ya HT250 cast iron gear kugira ngo byongere imbaraga zo kwangirika ku nshuro 4 ~ 6 ugereranije n'ibikoresho bitarapfukwa.