ʻenehana uhi kia

Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka ʻenehana waiho ʻana o PVD no nā makahiki he nui ma ke ʻano he ʻenehana hoʻololi ʻili hou, ʻoiai ka ʻenehana uhi ʻana o ka ion vacuum, kahi i loaʻa ka hoʻomohala nui i nā makahiki i hala iho nei a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i kēia manawa i ka mālama ʻana i nā mea hana, nā ʻōmole, nā apo piston, nā kia a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe. Hiki i nā kia i uhi ʻia i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ka ʻenehana uhi ʻana o ka ion vacuum ke hōʻemi nui i ka coefficient friction, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka anti-wear a me kekahi anti-corrosion, a ua lilo i kikowaena a me kahi wela o ka noiʻi ma ke kahua o ka ʻenehana hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ʻili o ka kia.

ʻO nā mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no nā kia, ʻo ia ke kila i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ke kila i hoʻolei ʻia, ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia, nā metala ʻaʻole ferrous (keleawe, alumini) a me nā plastics. ʻO ke kila he 45 kila, 35SiMn, 40Cr, 40CrNi, 40MnB, 38CrMoAl. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ke kila kalapona haʻahaʻa i 20Cr, 20CrMnTi, 20MnB, 20CrMnTo. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ke kila i hoʻolei ʻia i nā kia ma muli o kāna hana maikaʻi, ʻoiai ʻo ke kila i hoʻolei ʻia e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hana i nā kia me ke anawaena > 400mm a me ke ʻano paʻakikī. ʻO nā kia hao i hoʻolei ʻia e kūʻē i ka hoʻopili a me ka pitting, akā ʻo ka nele o ka hopena a me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu, ʻo ia hoʻi no ka hana paʻa, ʻaʻole haʻahaʻa ka wikiwiki a i ʻole ka nui nui a me ke ʻano paʻakikī, hiki ke hana ma lalo o ke kūlana o ka nele o ka lubrication, kūpono no ka hoʻoili hāmama. ʻO nā metala ʻaʻole ferrous i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he keleawe tin, keleawe alumini-hao a me ka alumini hoʻolei ʻia, i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā turbines a i ʻole nā ​​​​kia, akā ʻaʻole maikaʻi nā waiwai paheʻe a me nā anti-friction, no nā kia māmā, ukana waena a me nā kia wikiwiki haʻahaʻa. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā kia mea ʻaʻole metala ma kekahi mau kahua me nā koi kūikawā, e like me ka lubrication ʻole aila a me ka hilinaʻi kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke kahua o nā kūlana e like me ka haumia haʻahaʻa, e like me nā mīkini hale, nā lako lapaʻau, nā mīkini meaʻai a me nā mīkini lole.

Nā mea uhi kia

He mau mea hoʻohiki nui nā mea keramika ʻenekinia me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa wela, ka conductivity wela haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wela, ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻaʻahu a me ke kūpaʻa oxidation. Ua hōʻike ʻia he nui nā haʻawina he kūpaʻa wela maoli nā mea keramika a he haʻahaʻa ka ʻaʻahu ʻana ma nā metala. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea keramika ma kahi o nā mea metala no nā ʻāpana pale ʻaʻahu hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ola o ka sub friction, hiki ke hoʻokō i kekahi o nā mea wela kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea pale ʻaʻahu kiʻekiʻe, multi-functional a me nā koi paʻakikī ʻē aʻe. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mea keramika ʻenekinia i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻāpana pale wela mīkini, ka hoʻoili mīkini i nā ʻāpana ʻaʻahu, nā lako kemika i nā ʻāpana pale corrosion a me nā ʻāpana sila, e hōʻike nui ana i ka hoʻohana ākea o nā manaʻolana mea keramika.

ʻO nā ʻāina i hoʻomohala ʻia e like me Kelemānia, Iapana, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, United Kingdom a me nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe e kau nui ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea keramika ʻenekinia, e hoʻolilo ana i ka nui o ke kālā a me ka hana kanaka e hoʻomohala i ke kumumanaʻo hana a me ka ʻenehana o nā keramika ʻenekinia. Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Kelemania i kahi papahana i kapa ʻia ʻo "SFB442", ʻo ke kumu o ia mea e hoʻohana i ka ʻenehana PVD e hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni kūpono ma luna o ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana e pani i ka mea hoʻoluʻu hiki ke hōʻino i ke kaiapuni a me ke kino kanaka. Ua hoʻohana ʻo PW Gold a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma Kelemania i ke kālā mai SFB442 e hoʻopili i ka ʻenehana PVD e waiho i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi ma luna o ka ʻili o nā bearings wili a ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ka hana anti-wear o nā bearings wili a hiki i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni i waiho ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili ke pani piha i ka hana o nā mea hoʻohui anti-wear kaomi koʻikoʻi. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Joachim, Franz et al. ma Kelemania i ka ʻenehana PVD e hoʻomākaukau i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni WC/C e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai anti-fatigue maikaʻi loa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā lubricants e loaʻa ana nā mea hoʻohui EP, kahi hopena e hāʻawi like i ka hiki ke hoʻololi i nā mea hoʻohui ʻino me nā uhi. Ua hōʻike ʻo E. Lugscheider et al. o ka Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Aachen, Kelemania, me ke kālā mai ka DFG (GermanResearch Commission), i kahi piʻi nui o ke kū'ē ʻana i ka luhi ma hope o ka waiho ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni kūpono ma ke kila 100Cr6 me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana PVD. Eia kekahi, ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa Ua hoʻomaka ʻo General Motors i kāna ʻili hoʻoheheʻe ʻilikai kaʻa ʻano VolvoS80Turbo e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka luai; ua hoʻokuʻu ka hui kaulana ʻo Timken i ka inoa ʻo ES200 gear surface film; ua ʻike ʻia ka hōʻailona kālepa i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo MAXIT gear coating ma Kelemania; loaʻa pū nā hōʻailona kālepa i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ʻo Graphit-iC a me Dymon-iC ma UK.

Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻoili mīkini, he kuleana koʻikoʻi nā kia i ka ʻoihana, no laila he mea nui loa ia e aʻo i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea seramika ma nā kia. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā keramika ʻenekinia i hoʻopili ʻia i nā kia penei.

1, papa uhi TiN
1, TiN

ʻO ka papa keramika TiN uhi Ion kekahi o nā uhi i hoʻololi nui ʻia me ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, ka ikaika hoʻopili kiʻekiʻe, ka coefficient friction haʻahaʻa, ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka corrosion, a pēlā aku. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma nā ʻano like ʻole, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka ʻoihana mea hana a me ka mold. ʻO ke kumu nui e pili ana i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka uhi keramika ma nā kia ʻo ia ka pilikia hoʻopili ma waena o ka uhi keramika a me ka substrate. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā kūlana hana a me nā mea hoʻohuli o nā kia ma mua o nā mea hana a me nā mold, ua kaupalena nui ʻia ka hoʻopili ʻana o kahi uhi TiN hoʻokahi ma ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻili o ka kia. ʻOiai he mau pono o ka uhi keramika o ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, ka coefficient friction haʻahaʻa a me ke kūpaʻa i ka corrosion, he palupalu a paʻakikī ke loaʻa kahi uhi mānoanoa, no laila pono ia i kahi paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe a me ka substrate ikaika kiʻekiʻe e kākoʻo i ka uhi i mea e hoʻokani ai i kona mau ʻano. No laila, hoʻohana nui ʻia ka uhi keramika no ka carbide a me ka ʻili kila wikiwiki. He palupalu ka mea kia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mea seramika, a he nui ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke ʻano o ka substrate a me ka uhi ʻana, no laila ʻilihune ka hui pū ʻana o ka uhi a me ka substrate, a ʻaʻole lawa ka uhi ʻana e kākoʻo i ka uhi ʻana, e maʻalahi ai ka uhi ʻana e hāʻule i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohana ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke pāʻani i nā pono o ka uhi seramika, akā ʻo nā ʻāpana uhi seramika e hāʻule ana e hana i ka ʻaʻahu abrasive ma ke kia, e wikiwiki ana i ka nalowale o ke kapa. ʻO ka hopena o kēia manawa, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻenehana mālama ʻili composite e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pilina ma waena o ka seramika a me ka substrate. ʻO ka ʻenehana mālama ʻili composite e pili ana i ka hui pū ʻana o ka uhi waiho mahu kino a me nā kaʻina hana mālama ʻili a i ʻole nā ​​​​uhi, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻelua mau ʻili / subsurfaces kaʻawale e hoʻololi i ka ʻili o ka mea substrate e loaʻa ai nā waiwai mechanical composite ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia e kahi kaʻina hana mālama ʻili hoʻokahi. ʻO ka uhi composite TiN i waiho ʻia e ka ion nitriding a me PVD kekahi o nā uhi composite i noiʻi nui ʻia. Loaʻa i ka substrate nitriding plasma a me ka uhi composite TiN ceramic kahi pilina ikaika a ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka ʻaʻahu.

ʻO ka mānoanoa kūpono o ka papa kiʻiʻoniʻoni TiN me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ke komo ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kumu kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma kahi o 3 ~ 4μm. Inā emi ka mānoanoa o ka papa kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma mua o 2μm, ʻaʻole e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ke kūpaʻa ʻana. Inā ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa o ka papa kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma mua o 5μm, e emi ana ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kumu kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

2, ʻO ka uhi ʻana o TiN multi-layer, multi-component

Me ka hoʻopili mālie a me ka laha ʻana o nā uhi TiN, nui aʻe nā noiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā uhi TiN. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā uhi multi-component a me nā uhi multilayer e pili ana i nā uhi binary TiN, e like me Ti-CN, Ti-CNB, Ti-Al-N, Ti-BN, (Tix,Cr1-x)N, TiN/Al2O3, a pēlā aku. Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea e like me Al a me Si i nā uhi TiN, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke kūʻē ʻana i ka oxidation wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka paʻakikī o nā uhi, ʻoiai ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea e like me B hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻakikī a me ka ikaika o ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā uhi.

Ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ka haku mele multicomponent, nui nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma kēia haʻawina. Ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā uhi multicomponent (Tix,Cr1-x)N, aia kahi hoʻopaʻapaʻa nui ma nā hopena noiʻi. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā uhi (Tix,Cr1-x)N ma TiN, a hiki iā Cr ke noho wale ma ke ʻano o ka hopena paʻa pani i loko o ka matrix kiko TiN, akā ʻaʻole ma ke ʻano he pae CrN kaʻawale. Hōʻike nā haʻawina ʻē aʻe ua kaupalena ʻia ka helu o nā ʻātoma Cr e pani pololei ana i nā ʻātoma Ti i loko o nā uhi (Tix,Cr1-x)N, a aia ke koena o Cr i ke kūlana singlet a i ʻole e hana i nā hui me N. Hōʻike nā hopena hoʻokolohua ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o Cr i ka uhi e hōʻemi ana i ka nui o nā ʻāpana o ka ʻili a hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī, a hiki i ka paʻakikī o ka uhi i kona waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa ke hiki ka pakeneka nui o Cr i 3l%, akā hiki pū ke kaumaha o loko o ka uhi i kona waiwai kiʻekiʻe loa.

3, ʻO kahi papa uhi ʻē aʻe

Ma waho aʻe o nā uhi TiN i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia, hoʻohana ʻia nā keramika ʻenekinia like ʻole no ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka ʻili o ke kapa.

(1) Ua aʻo ʻo Y. Terauchi et al. o Iapana i ke kū'ē ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu frictional o nā titanium carbide a i ʻole titanium nitride ceramic gears i waiho ʻia e ke ʻano hoʻokaʻawale mahu. Ua carburized a poli ʻia nā gears e hoʻokō i ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili ma kahi o HV720 a me ka ʻoʻoleʻa o ka ʻili o 2.4 μm ma mua o ka uhi ʻana, a ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā uhi keramika e ka hoʻokaʻawale mahu kemika (CVD) no ka titanium carbide a me ka hoʻokaʻawale mahu kino (PVD) no ka titanium nitride, me ka mānoanoa o ka ʻili keramika ma kahi o 2 μm. Ua noiʻi ʻia nā waiwai ʻaʻahu frictional i ke alo o ka ʻaila a me ka friction maloʻo. Ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ke kū'ē ʻana o ka galling a me ke kū'ē ʻana o ka vice gear ma hope o ka uhi ʻana me ka keramika.

(2) Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka uhi ʻana o ka Ni-P a me TiN i uhi ʻia i ke kemika ma o ka uhi mua ʻana iā Ni-P ma ke ʻano he papa hoʻololi a laila waiho ʻana iā TiN. Hōʻike ka haʻawina ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili o kēia uhi hui i kekahi ʻano, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka uhi me ka substrate a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu.

(3) WC/C, ʻili lahilahi B4C
Ua hoʻohana ʻo M. Murakawa et al., Keʻena ʻenekinia mīkini, Keʻena ʻenehana ʻo Iapana, i ka ʻenehana PVD e waiho i ka ʻili lahilahi WC/C ma luna o nā kia, a ʻo kona ola lawelawe he ʻekolu manawa o nā kia maʻamau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a lepo ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana lubrication ʻaila ʻole. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Franz J et al. i ka ʻenehana PVD e waiho i ka ʻili lahilahi WC/C a me B4C ma luna o ka ʻili o nā kia FEZ-A a me FEZ-C, a ua hōʻike ka hoʻokolohua ua hōʻemi nui ka uhi PVD i ka friction kia, ua hoʻemi i ka maʻalahi o ka kia i ka hoʻopili wela a i ʻole ka hoʻopili ʻana, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ke lawe i ka ukana o ke kia.

(4) Nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni CrN
Ua like nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni CrN me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni TiN no ka mea he ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o lākou, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni CrN i ka oxidation wela kiʻekiʻe ma mua o TiN, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka palaho, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ke kaumaha kūloko ma mua o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni TiN, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka paʻakikī. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻo Chen Ling et i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni composite TiAlCrN/CrN kūpaʻa me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni maikaʻi loa ma ka ʻili o HSS, a ua hāpai pū i ke kumumanaʻo dislocation stacking o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni multilayer, inā nui ka ʻokoʻa ikehu dislocation ma waena o nā papa ʻelua, e paʻakikī ka dislocation e hana ʻia ana ma kekahi papa e hele i kona interface i loko o kekahi papa, a pēlā e hana ai i ka dislocation stacking ma ka interface a ke pāʻani nei i ke kuleana o ka hoʻoikaika ʻana i ka mea. Ua aʻo ʻo Zhong Bin et i ka hopena o ka ʻike nitrogen ma ke ʻano pae a me nā waiwai frictional wear o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni CrNx, a ua hōʻike ka haʻawina ua nāwaliwali mālie ka piko diffraction Cr2N (211) i loko o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni a ua hoʻonui mālie ka piko CrN (220) me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻike N2, ua emi mālie nā ʻāpana nui ma ka ʻili kiʻiʻoniʻoni a ua pālahalaha ka ʻili. I ka wā o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka N2 he 25 ml/min (ʻo ke au arc kumu pahuhopu he 75 A, he maikaʻi ka maikaʻi o ka ʻili o ka ʻili CrN i waiho ʻia, paʻakikī maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu maikaʻi loa i ka wā o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka N2 he 25ml/min (ʻo ke au arc kumu pahuhopu he 75A, ʻo ke kaomi maikaʻi ʻole he 100V).

(5) Kiʻiʻoniʻoni Superhard
ʻO ka ʻili Superhard ka ʻili paʻa me ka paʻakikī ma mua o 40GPa, kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ke komo ʻana, kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe a me ke koina friction haʻahaʻa a me ke koina hoʻonui thermal haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻili daimana amorphous a me ka ʻili CN. Loaʻa i nā ʻili daimana amorphous nā waiwai amorphous, ʻaʻohe ʻano i kauoha ʻia i ka lōʻihi, a loaʻa i ka nui o nā pilina tetrahedral CC, no laila ua kapa ʻia lākou he mau ʻili kalapona amorphous tetrahedral. Ma ke ʻano he ʻano ʻili kalapona amorphous, ʻo ka uhi ʻana e like me ke daimana (DLC) he nui nā waiwai maikaʻi e like me ke daimana, e like me ke koina thermal kiʻekiʻe, ka paʻakikī kiʻekiʻe, ka modulus elastic kiʻekiʻe, ka coefficient haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻonui thermal, ke kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi, ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ke komo ʻana a me ke koina friction haʻahaʻa. Ua hōʻike ʻia e hiki i nā ʻili daimana uhi ʻana ma nā ʻili o nā mea hana ke hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola lawelawe ma kahi kumu o 6 a hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ke kūpaʻa luhi. ʻO nā ʻili CN, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi he mau ʻili kalapona-nitrogen amorphous, he ʻano kristal e like me nā hui covalent β-Si3N4 a ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo β-C3N4. Liu lāua ʻo Cohen et al. Ua hana ʻia nā helu kumumanaʻo koʻikoʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā helu band pseudopotential mai ke kumu mua-ʻano, ua hōʻoia ʻia he nui ka ikehu hoʻopaʻa ʻana o β-C3N4, kahi ʻano mechanical paʻa, ma ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi kūlana sub-stable hiki ke noho, a ua like kona modulus elastic me ke daimana, me nā waiwai maikaʻi, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili a me ke kū'ē ʻana i ke komo ʻana o ka mea a hōʻemi i ka coefficient friction.

(6) ʻO kahi papa uhi pale ʻaʻahu ʻē aʻe
Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia kekahi mau uhi pale ʻaʻahu alloy e hoʻopili ʻia i nā kia, no ka laʻana, ʻo ka waiho ʻana o ka papa alloy Ni-P-Co ma ka ʻili niho o nā kia kila 45 # he papa alloy e loaʻa ai ka hoʻonohonoho palaoa ultra-fine, hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola a hiki i 1.144 ~ 1.533 mau manawa. Ua aʻo ʻia hoʻi ua hoʻopili ʻia ka papa metala Cu a me ka uhi alloy Ni-W ma ka ʻili niho o ka mea hao hao Cu-Cr-P e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona ikaika; Hoʻopili ʻia ka uhi alloy Ni-W a me Ni-Co ma ka ʻili niho o ka mea hao hao HT250 e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kū'ē ʻana i ke kapa e 4 ~ 6 mau manawa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka mea i uhi ʻole ʻia.