Ukadaulo wokutira zida

Ukadaulo woyika ma PVD wakhala ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zaka zambiri ngati ukadaulo watsopano wosintha malo, makamaka ukadaulo wopaka ma ion a vacuum, womwe wakula kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa ndipo tsopano ukugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza zida, nkhungu, mphete za pistoni, magiya ndi zinthu zina. Magiya okhala ndi vacuum ion opangidwa ndi ukadaulo wopaka ma ion a vacuum amatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa kukangana, kusintha kukana kutayika komanso kukana dzimbiri, ndipo akhala malo ofunikira kwambiri ofufuzira pankhani ya ukadaulo wolimbitsa malo a giya.

Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa magiya ndi chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo, chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo, chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo, zitsulo zopanda chitsulo (mkuwa, aluminiyamu) ndi pulasitiki. Chitsulo chimakhala ndi chitsulo cha 45, 35SiMn, 40Cr, 40CrNi, 40MnB, 38CrMoAl. Chitsulo chopanda kaboni chotsika chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu 20Cr, 20CrMnTi, 20MnB, 20CrMnTo. Chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu magiya chifukwa cha magwiridwe ake abwino, pomwe chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga magiya okhala ndi mainchesi opitilira 400mm komanso kapangidwe kovuta. Magiya achitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chotsutsana ndi guluu komanso kukana kubowola, koma kusowa kwa kukhudza ndi kukana kuvala, makamaka pa ntchito yokhazikika, mphamvu siili yotsika kapena yayikulu komanso mawonekedwe ovuta, imatha kugwira ntchito ngati palibe mafuta okwanira, oyenera kufalikira momasuka. Zitsulo zopanda chitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mkuwa wa tin, mkuwa wa aluminiyamu-chitsulo ndi aluminiyamu yopangira zinthu, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ma turbine kapena magiya, koma mphamvu zake zotsetsereka komanso zotsutsana ndi kukangana ndizochepa, koma magiya opepuka, apakatikati komanso otsika liwiro. Magiya osakhala achitsulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'magawo ena okhala ndi zofunikira zapadera, monga mafuta odzola opanda mafuta komanso kudalirika kwambiri. Malo ochitira zinthu monga kuipitsidwa kochepa, monga zida zapakhomo, zida zachipatala, makina azakudya ndi makina a nsalu.

Zipangizo zokutira zida

Zipangizo za ceramic za uinjiniya ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu komanso kuuma, makamaka kukana kutentha kwambiri, kutentha pang'ono komanso kukulitsa kutentha, kukana kuvala kwambiri komanso kukana okosijeni. Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti zipangizo za ceramic sizimatenthedwa ndi kutentha ndipo sizimatenthedwa kwambiri pazitsulo. Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za ceramic m'malo mwa zitsulo pazinthu zosatha kungathandize kukonza moyo wa sub friction sub, kumatha kukwaniritsa zina mwa zinthu zotentha kwambiri komanso zosatha, zofunikira zambiri komanso zina zovuta. Pakadali pano, zipangizo za ceramic za uinjiniya zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zigawo zotha kutentha ndi injini, kutumiza kwa makina m'zigawo zotha kutha, zida zamakemikolo m'zigawo zotha kutha kuthanso kuonetsa momwe zinthu za ceramic zimagwiritsidwira ntchito.

Mayiko otukuka monga Germany, Japan, United States, United Kingdom ndi mayiko ena amaona kuti kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zauinjiniya zadothi n'kofunika kwambiri, ndipo amaika ndalama zambiri ndi anthu ogwira ntchito popanga chiphunzitso chokonza ndi ukadaulo wa zoumba zauinjiniya. Germany yayambitsa pulogalamu yotchedwa "SFB442", yomwe cholinga chake ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa PVD kupanga filimu yoyenera pamwamba pa ziwalo kuti ilowe m'malo mwa malo opaka mafuta omwe angawononge chilengedwe ndi thupi la munthu. PW Gold ndi ena ku Germany adagwiritsa ntchito ndalama kuchokera ku SFB442 kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa PVD kuti ayike mafilimu opyapyala pamwamba pa mabearing ozungulira ndipo adapeza kuti magwiridwe antchito oletsa kusweka kwa mabearing ozungulira adakwera kwambiri ndipo mafilimu omwe adayikidwa pamwamba amatha kusintha kwathunthu ntchito ya zowonjezera zotsutsana ndi kupsinjika kwambiri. Joachim, Franz ndi ena ku Germany adagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa PVD kukonzekera mafilimu a WC/C omwe akuwonetsa mphamvu zabwino zotsutsana ndi kutopa, zokwera kuposa za mafuta okhala ndi zowonjezera za EP, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kusintha zowonjezera zovulaza ndi zokutira. E. Lugscheider ndi ena a Institute of Materials Science, Technical University of Aachen, Germany, ndi ndalama kuchokera ku DFG (GermanResearch Commission), adawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kukana kutopa atayika mafilimu oyenera pachitsulo cha 100Cr6 pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa PVD. Kuphatikiza apo, United States General Makina ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito filimu yake ya VolvoS80Turbo yoikamo zida zamoto kuti achepetse kutopa; kampani yotchuka ya Timken yatulutsa filimu yotchedwa ES200 gear surface film; chizindikiro cholembetsedwa cha MAXIT gear coating chawonekera ku Germany; chizindikiro cholembetsedwa cha Graphit-iC ndi Dymon-iC motsatana. Zophimba zida ndi zizindikiro zolembetsedwa za Graphit-iC ndi Dymon-iC zikupezekanso ku UK.

Monga zida zofunika kwambiri zopatsira magiya amakina, magiya amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale, motero ndikofunikira kwambiri kuphunzira momwe zinthu zadothi zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pa magiya. Pakadali pano, zida zadothi zogwiritsidwa ntchito pa magiya ndi izi:

1, TiN ❖ kuyanika wosanjikiza
1, TiN

Chophimba cha ion TiN ceramic layer ndi chimodzi mwazovala zosinthidwa pamwamba zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso zolimba kwambiri, zolimba kwambiri, zotsika kwambiri, zotsutsana bwino ndi dzimbiri, ndi zina zotero. Chagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana, makamaka m'makampani opanga zida ndi nkhungu. Chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza kugwiritsa ntchito chophimba cha ceramic pa magiya ndi vuto lolumikizana pakati pa chophimba cha ceramic ndi substrate. Popeza mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhudza magiya ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa zida ndi nkhungu, kugwiritsa ntchito chophimba chimodzi cha TiN pa chithandizo cha pamwamba pa giya kumakhala kocheperako. Ngakhale kuti chophimba cha ceramic chili ndi ubwino wa kuuma kwambiri, kutsika pang'ono kwa kupsinjika komanso kukana dzimbiri, ndi chofooka komanso chovuta kupeza chophimba chokhuthala, kotero chimafunikira cholimba kwambiri komanso cholimba kwambiri kuti chithandizire chophimbacho kuti chizigwira ntchito bwino. Chifukwa chake, chophimba cha ceramic chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa carbide ndi pamwamba pachitsulo champhamvu kwambiri. Zipangizo za zida ndi zofewa poyerekeza ndi zinthu za ceramic, ndipo kusiyana pakati pa mtundu wa substrate ndi chophimba ndi kwakukulu, kotero kuphatikiza kwa chophimba ndi substrate ndi koipa, ndipo chophimbacho sichikwanira kuthandizira chophimbacho, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chophimbacho chikhale chosavuta kugwa panthawi yogwiritsira ntchito, sikuti chimangosewera ubwino wa chophimba cha ceramic, komanso tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timagwa timayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa zida, zomwe zimafulumizitsa kutayika kwa kuwonongeka kwa zida. Yankho lamakono ndikugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wokonza pamwamba kuti uwonjezere mgwirizano pakati pa ceramic ndi substrate. Ukadaulo wokonza pamwamba pa Composite umatanthauza kuphatikiza kwa chophimba cha physical nthunzi ndi njira zina zochizira pamwamba kapena zokutira, pogwiritsa ntchito malo awiri osiyana/subsurfaces kuti asinthe pamwamba pa zinthu za substrate kuti apeze mawonekedwe amakina ophatikizika omwe sangatheke ndi njira imodzi yochizira pamwamba. Chophimba cha TiN composite chomwe chimayikidwa ndi ion nitriding ndi PVD ndi chimodzi mwazophimba zophatikizika zomwe zafufuzidwa kwambiri. Chophimba cha plasma nitriding ndi chophimba cha TiN ceramic composite chili ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu ndipo kukana kuvala kumawonjezeka kwambiri.

Kukhuthala kwabwino kwa gawo la filimu ya TiN yokhala ndi kukana kwabwino kwa kuvulala komanso kulumikiza maziko a filimu ndi pafupifupi 3 ~ 4μm. Ngati makulidwe a gawo la filimu ndi ochepera 2μm, kukana kwa kuvulala sikudzakwera kwambiri. Ngati makulidwe a gawo la filimu ndi opitirira 5μm, kulumikiza maziko a filimu kudzachepa.

2, Multi-layer, multi-component TiN ❖ kuyanika

Pogwiritsa ntchito pang'onopang'ono komanso mofala kwa zophimba za TiN, pali kafukufuku wochulukirapo wokhudza momwe mungakonzere ndikuwonjezera zophimba za TiN. M'zaka zaposachedwa, zophimba zamitundu yambiri ndi zophimba zamitundu yambiri zapangidwa kutengera zophimba za TiN zamitundu iwiri, monga Ti-CN, Ti-CNB, Ti-Al-N, Ti-BN, (Tix,Cr1-x)N, TiN/Al2O3, ndi zina zotero. Powonjezera zinthu monga Al ndi Si ku zophimba za TiN, kukana kutentha kwambiri ndi kuuma kwa zophimba kumatha kuwongoleredwa, pomwe kuwonjezera zinthu monga B kumatha kuwongolerera kuuma ndi mphamvu yomatira ya zophimba.

Chifukwa cha kuuma kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu zambiri, pali mikangano yambiri mu kafukufukuyu. Mu kafukufuku wa zophimba za (Tix,Cr1-x)N zambiri, pali mkangano waukulu mu zotsatira za kafukufukuyu. Anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti zophimba za (Tix,Cr1-x)N zimachokera ku TiN, ndipo Cr ikhoza kukhalapo kokha ngati yankho lolimba m'malo mwa TiN dot matrix, koma osati ngati gawo losiyana la CrN. Kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kuti chiwerengero cha maatomu a Cr omwe amalowa m'malo mwa maatomu a Ti mu zophimba za (Tix,Cr1-x)N ndi ochepa, ndipo Cr yotsalayo ilipo mu singlet state kapena imapanga ma compounds ndi N. Zotsatira za kafukufukuyu zikuwonetsa kuti kuwonjezera kwa Cr ku zophimba kumachepetsa kukula kwa tinthu ta pamwamba ndikuwonjezera kuuma, ndipo kuuma kwa zophimba kumafika pamtengo wake wapamwamba kwambiri pamene kuchuluka kwa Cr kufika pa 3l%, koma kupsinjika kwamkati kwa zophimba kumafikanso pamtengo wake wapamwamba kwambiri.

3, Other ❖ kuyanika wosanjikiza

Kuwonjezera pa zophimba za TiN zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ma ceramic ambiri osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbitsa pamwamba pa zida.

(1) Y. Terauchi ndi anzake aku Japan adaphunzira za kukana kwa titanium carbide kapena titanium nitride ceramic gears ku frictional vail zomwe zimayikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyika nthunzi. Magiyawo adasinthidwa ndi kupukutidwa kuti akwaniritse kuuma kwa pamwamba pa pafupifupi HV720 ndi roughness ya pamwamba ya 2.4 μm isanayambe kupaka, ndipo ceramic coverings idakonzedwa ndi chemical vapor deposition (CVD) ya titanium carbide ndi physical vapor deposition (PVD) ya titanium nitride, yokhala ndi makulidwe a ceramic film a pafupifupi 2 μm. Makhalidwe a frictional vail adafufuzidwa pamaso pa mafuta ndi dry friction, motsatana. Zinapezeka kuti kukana kwa galling ndi kukana kukanda kwa gear vice kunakula kwambiri pambuyo poti ceramic yapangidwa ndi ceramic.

(2) Chophimba cha Ni-P ndi TiN chopangidwa ndi mankhwala chinakonzedwa mwa kuyika Ni-P ngati chosinthira kenako n’kuyika TiN. Kafukufukuyu akusonyeza kuti kuuma kwa pamwamba pa chophimba cha composite ichi kwakhala bwino kwambiri, ndipo chophimbacho chimalumikizidwa bwino ndi substrate ndipo chimakhala ndi kukana kwabwino kwa kuwonongeka.

(3) WC/C, B4C filimu yopyapyala
M. Murakawa ndi anzake, Dipatimenti ya Uinjiniya wa Makina, Japan Institute of Technology, adagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa PVD kuyika filimu yopyapyala ya WC/C pamwamba pa magiya, ndipo nthawi yake yogwirira ntchito inali katatu kuposa magiya wamba otsekedwa komanso opukutidwa pansi pa mikhalidwe yopanda mafuta. Franz J ndi anzake adagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa PVD kuyika filimu yopyapyala ya WC/C ndi B4C pamwamba pa magiya a FEZ-A ndi FEZ-C, ndipo kuyeseraku kunawonetsa kuti chophimba cha PVD chinachepetsa kwambiri kukangana kwa magiya, chinapangitsa kuti giyayo isavutike kwambiri ndi gluing yotentha kapena gluing, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu yonyamula katundu ya giyayo.

(4) Makanema a CrN
Makanema a CrN ndi ofanana ndi mafilimu a TiN chifukwa ali ndi kuuma kwakukulu, ndipo makanema a CrN ndi olimbana kwambiri ndi kutentha kwambiri kuposa TiN, ali ndi kukana dzimbiri bwino, kupsinjika kwamkati kochepa kuposa makanema a TiN, komanso olimba bwino. Chen Ling adakonza filimu yosakanikirana ya TiAlCrN/CrN yosatha kusweka yokhala ndi ma bonding abwino kwambiri ozikidwa pa filimu pamwamba pa HSS, ndipo adaperekanso lingaliro la dislocation stacking ya filimu ya multilayer, ngati kusiyana kwa mphamvu ya dislocation pakati pa zigawo ziwiri kuli kwakukulu, dislocation yomwe imachitika mu gawo limodzi idzakhala yovuta kudutsa mawonekedwe ake kupita ku gawo lina, motero kupanga dislocation stacking pa interface ndikuchita gawo lolimbitsa zinthuzo. Zhong Bin et adaphunzira momwe kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni kumakhudzira kapangidwe ka gawo ndi mawonekedwe a frictional a mafilimu a CrNx, ndipo kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti Cr2N (211) diffraction peak m'mafilimuwo idachepa pang'onopang'ono ndipo CrN (220) peak idakula pang'onopang'ono ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa N2, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono pamwamba pa filimuyo timachepa pang'onopang'ono ndipo pamwamba pake pamakhala posalala. Pamene mpweya wa N2 unali 25 ml/mphindi (target source arc current inali 75 A, filimu ya CrN yomwe inalipo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino pamwamba, kuuma bwino komanso kukana kutha kwabwino pamene mpweya wa N2 uli 25ml/mphindi (target source arc current ndi 75A, kupanikizika koipa ndi 100V).

(5) Filimu ya Superhard
Filimu ya Superhard ndi filimu yolimba yokhala ndi kuuma kopitilira 40GPa, yolimba kwambiri pakutha, yolimba kwambiri pakutha komanso yolimba pang'ono komanso yolimba pang'ono pakutha, makamaka filimu ya diamondi yopanda mawonekedwe ndi filimu ya CN. Mafilimu a diamondi opanda mawonekedwe ali ndi mawonekedwe osasinthika, alibe kapangidwe kakutali, ndipo ali ndi ma bond ambiri a CC tetrahedral, kotero amatchedwanso mafilimu a tetrahedral amorphous carbon. Monga mtundu wa filimu ya carbon yopanda mawonekedwe, chophimba chonga diamondi (DLC) chili ndi mawonekedwe ambiri abwino ofanana ndi diamondi, monga kutentha kwambiri, kuuma kwambiri, modulus yolimba kwambiri, kuchuluka kochepa pakutha kwa kutentha, kukhazikika kwa mankhwala, kukana kuvala bwino komanso kuchuluka kochepa pakutha kwa kutha. Zawonetsedwa kuti mafilimu okhala ngati diamondi okhala ndi mawonekedwe ophikira pamwamba pa giya amatha kukulitsa moyo wautumiki ndi nthawi 6 ndikuwonjezera kwambiri kukana kutopa. Mafilimu a CN, omwe amadziwikanso kuti mafilimu a carbon-nitrogen amorphous, ali ndi mawonekedwe a kristalo ofanana ndi a β-Si3N4 covalent compounds ndipo amadziwikanso kuti β-C3N4. Liu ndi Cohen et al. adachita mawerengedwe okhwima a chiphunzitso pogwiritsa ntchito mawerengedwe a gulu losatheka kuchokera ku mfundo yachilengedwe choyamba, adatsimikiza kuti β-C3N4 ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu yomangirira, kapangidwe kokhazikika ka makina, mwina mkhalidwe umodzi wokhazikika ukhoza kukhalapo, ndipo modulus yake yosalala ndi yofanana ndi diamondi, yokhala ndi makhalidwe abwino, omwe angathandize bwino kuuma kwa pamwamba ndi kukana kuwonongeka kwa zinthuzo ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kukangana.

(6) Chigoba china chosatha kuphwanyidwa ndi aloyi
Zophimba zina zosatha kutha kwa alloy zayesedwanso kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pa magiya, mwachitsanzo, kuyika kwa gawo la alloy la Ni-P-Co pamwamba pa dzino la magiya achitsulo a 45# ndi gawo la alloy kuti lipange gulu la tirigu wabwino kwambiri, lomwe lingathe kukulitsa moyo wake mpaka nthawi 1.144 ~ 1.533. Zaphunziridwanso kuti gawo lachitsulo la Cu ndi chophimba cha alloy cha Ni-W zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba pa dzino la Cu-Cr-P alloy cast iron gear kuti ziwongolere mphamvu zake; Chophimba cha alloy cha Ni-W ndi Ni-Co chimayikidwa pamwamba pa dzino la HT250 cast iron gear kuti ziwongolere kukana kutha kwa nthawi 4 ~ 6 poyerekeza ndi giya yosaphimbidwa.