Ubuchwepheshe bokufaka igiya

Ubuchwepheshe bokufaka i-PVD buye baqhutshwa iminyaka eminingi njengobuchwepheshe obusha bokuguqula indawo, ikakhulukazi ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa i-vacuum ion, obuthole intuthuko enkulu eminyakeni yamuva futhi manje busetshenziswa kabanzi ekwelapheni amathuluzi, isikhunta, izindandatho zepiston, amagiya nezinye izingxenye. Amagiya amboziwe alungiselelwe ubuchwepheshe bokuhlanganisa i-vacuum ion angakwazi ukunciphisa kakhulu i-coefficient yokungqubuzana, athuthukise i-anti-wear kanye ne-anti-corrosion ethile, futhi abe indawo okugxilwe kuyo nendawo eshisayo yocwaningo emkhakheni wobuchwepheshe bokuqinisa igiya.

Izinto ezijwayelekile ezisetshenziselwa amagiya ikakhulukazi insimbi ebunjiwe, insimbi ecijile, insimbi ecijile, izinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi (ithusi, i-aluminium) namapulasitiki. Insimbi ngokuyinhloko iyinsimbi engu-45, 35SiMn, 40Cr, 40CrNi, 40MnB, 38CrMoAl. Insimbi enekhabhoni ephansi esetshenziswa ikakhulukazi ku-20Cr, 20CrMnTi, 20MnB, 20CrMnTo. Insimbi eyakhiwe isetshenziswa kabanzi kumagiya ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okungcono, kuyilapho insimbi ekhonjiwe ivame ukusetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amagiya anobubanzi> 400mm kanye nesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi. I-Cast iron gears anti-glue kanye nokumelana nomgodi, kodwa ukuntuleka komthelela nokumelana nokugqoka, ikakhulukazi umsebenzi ozinzile, amandla akuwona isivinini esiphansi noma usayizi omkhulu nokuma okuyinkimbinkimbi, angasebenza ngaphansi kwesimo sokuntuleka kokugcoba, okufanelekile ukudluliselwa okuvulekile. Izinsimbi ezingezona ayoni ezivame ukusetshenziswa ithusi likathayela, i-aluminium-iron bronze kanye ne-casting aluminium alloy, evame ukusetshenziswa ekwenzeni izinjini zomoya noma amagiya, kodwa izakhiwo ezishelelayo nezivimbela ukungqubuzana zimpofu, kuphela ezithwala ukukhanya, okuphakathi kanye namagiya anesivinini esiphansi. Amagiya ezinto ezingezona ezensimbi asetshenziswa kakhulu kwezinye izinkambu ezinezidingo ezikhethekile, njengokugcotshwa kwamafutha angenawo uwoyela nokuthembeka okuphezulu. Umkhakha wezimo ezinjengokungcola okuphansi, njengempahla yasendlini, okokusebenza kwezokwelapha, imishini yokudla kanye nemishini yendwangu.

Izinto zokugqoka zegiya

Izinto ze-ceramic zobunjiniyela ziyizinto ezithembisayo kakhulu ezinamandla amakhulu nobulukhuni, ikakhulukazi ukumelana nokushisa okuhle kakhulu, ukuguquguquka okuphansi kwe-thermal kanye nokwanda okushisayo, ukumelana nokugqoka okuphezulu nokumelana ne-oxidation. Inani elikhulu lezifundo libonise ukuthi izinto ze-ceramic zimelana nokushisa ngokwemvelo futhi zinokuguga okuphansi ezinsimbi. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ze-ceramic esikhundleni sezinto zensimbi zezingxenye ezingagugi kungathuthukisa impilo ye-friction sub, kungahlangabezana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nezinto eziphakeme ezivimbela ukugqoka, izinto eziningi ezisebenzayo nezinye izidingo ezinzima. Njengamanje, izinto zokwakha ze-ceramic zobunjiniyela zisetshenziswe ekwenzeni izingxenye ezimelana nokushisa kwenjini, ukuhanjiswa kwemishini ezingxenyeni ezigugile, imishini yamakhemikhali ezingxenyeni ezimelana nokugqwala kanye nezingxenye zokuvala, ngokuya kukhombisa ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwamathemba wezinto zobumba.

Amazwe athuthukile njengeJalimane, iJapane, i-United States, i-United Kingdom namanye amazwe abheka ukubaluleka okukhulu ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinto zokwakha ze-ceramic yobunjiniyela, ukutshala imali eningi kanye nabasebenzi ukuthuthukisa ithiyori yokucubungula kanye nobuchwepheshe bobunjiniyela be-ceramics. I-Germany yethule uhlelo olubizwa nge-“SFB442″, inhloso yalo okuwukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-PVD ukuze kuhlanganiswe ifilimu efanelekile ebusweni bezingxenye ukuze kuthathelwe indawo indawo yokugcoba engase ibe yingozi emvelweni nasemzimbeni womuntu. I-PW Gold kanye nabanye baseJalimane basebenzisa uxhaso lwe-SFB442 ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-PVD ukuze bafake amafilimu amancane phezu kwama-rolling kanye nokusebenza kwefilimu okuthuthuke kakhulu efakwe ebusweni ingashintsha ngokuphelele umsebenzi wezithasiselo zokulwa nokugqokwa kwengcindezi eyedlulele, uFranz et al eJalimane wasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-PVD ukulungiselela amafilimu e-WC/C akhombisa izakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokulwa nokukhathala, aphezulu kunalawo aqukethe izithasiselo ze-EP, okuwumphumela ofanayo oveza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kufakwe izithasiselo eziyingozi ze-Eterial Institute I-Aachen, eJalimane, ngoxhaso lwe-DFG (Ikhomishini Yokucwaninga YaseJalimane), ibonise ukwenyuka okukhulu kokumelana nokukhathala ngemva kokufaka amafilimu afanele ku-100Cr6 yensimbi isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-PVD Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-United States General Motors isiqalile ifilimu yokufakwa kwegiya lemoto yohlobo lwe-VolvoS80 ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana negiya lokuhweba elidumile i-IT200; i-coating ivele eJalimane uphawu lokuhweba olubhalisiwe, i-Graphit-iC kanye ne-Dymon-iC ngokulandelanayo Ama-gear coating anezimpawu zokuthengisa ezibhalisiwe, i-Graphit-iC ne-Dymon-iC ayatholakala e-UK.

Njengezingxenye ezibalulekile eziyisipele zokudluliswa kwemishini, amagiya adlala indima ebalulekile embonini, ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukutadisha ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zobumba kumagiya. Njengamanje, izitsha zobumba zobunjiniyela ezisetshenziswa kumagiya ngokuyinhloko yizi ezilandelayo.

1, TiN enamathela isendlalelo
1, TiN

I-ion coefficient TiN Ceramic layer ingenye yezingubo eziguquliwe ezisetshenziswa kakhulu endaweni enokuqina okuphezulu, amandla okunamathela okuphezulu, i-coefficient ephansi ye-friction, ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle, njll. Isetshenziswe kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi embonini yamathuluzi nesikhunta. Isizathu esiyinhloko esithinta ukusetshenziswa kwe-ceramic coating kumagiya inkinga yokubopha phakathi kwe-ceramic coating ne-substrate. Njengoba izimo zokusebenza kanye nezici ezinomthelela zamagiya ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalezo zamathuluzi nezibunjwa, ukusetshenziswa kwe-TiN eyodwa ekwelapheni kwendawo yegiya kukhawulelwe kakhulu. Nakuba i-ceramic coefficient inezinzuzo zobulukhuni obuphezulu, i-coefficient ephansi ye-friction kanye nokumelana nokugqwala, i-brittle futhi inzima ukuthola i-coat ebanzi, ngakho idinga ubulukhuni obuphezulu kanye ne-substrate yamandla aphezulu ukusekela ukugqoka ukuze kudlale izici zayo. Ngakho-ke, i-ceramic coating isetshenziselwa kakhulu i-carbide ne-high-speed steel surface. Impahla yegiya ithambile uma iqhathaniswa ne-ceramic, futhi umehluko phakathi kwemvelo ye-substrate kanye ne-coating inkulu, ngakho-ke inhlanganisela ye-coating ne-substrate impofu, futhi ukunamathela akwanele ukusekela ukugqoka, okwenza ukunamathela kube lula ukuwa ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa, hhayi nje kuphela abakwazi ukudlala izinzuzo ze-ceramic coating, kodwa izinhlayiya zokugqoka ze-ceramic ezigugayo zizoguga isivinini. Isixazululo samanje ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha obuhlanganisiwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe isibopho phakathi kwe-ceramic ne-substrate. Ubuchwepheshe bokwelapha obuphezulu obuhlanganisiwe bubhekisela ekuhlanganisweni kokunamathiswa kokubeka umhwamuko kanye nezinye izinqubo zokwelashwa kwendawo noma ukumbozwa, kusetshenziswa izindawo/izindawo ezingaphansi ezimbili ezihlukene ukuze kulungiswe ingaphezulu lempahla engaphansi ukuze kutholwe izici zemishini eziyinhlanganisela ezingenakufezwa ngenqubo eyodwa yokwelapha engaphezulu. I-TiN composite coating efakwe i-ion nitriding kanye ne-PVD ingenye yezingubo eziyinhlanganisela ezicwaningwe kakhulu. I-plasma nitriding substrate kanye ne-TiN ceramic composite coating inesibopho esiqinile futhi ukumelana nokugqokwa kuthuthukiswa kakhulu.

Ugqinsi olufanele lwesendlalelo sefilimu ye-TiN enokumelana okuhle nokugqokwa nokubopha kwesisekelo sefilimu cishe ku-3~4μm. Uma ubukhulu bengqimba yefilimu bungaphansi kwe-2μm, ukumelana nokugqoka ngeke kuthuthukiswe kakhulu. Uma ubukhulu bongqimba lwefilimu bungaphezu kuka-5μm, ukubopha kwesisekelo sefilimu kuzoncishiswa.

2, I-Multi-layer, i-TiN enezingxenye eziningi

Ngokusetshenziswa kancane kancane nangokusabalele kwezingubo ze-TiN, kunocwaningo olwengeziwe mayelana nendlela yokuthuthukisa nokuthuthukisa okunamathelayo kwe-TiN. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ama-coatings anezingxenye eziningi kanye nama-multilayer coatings athuthukisiwe asekelwe ku-TiN kanambambili, okufana ne-Ti-CN, Ti-CNB, Ti-Al-N, Ti-BN, (Tix,Cr1-x)N, TiN/Al2O3, njll. Ngokungeza izakhi ezifana ne-Al kanye ne-Si ku-TiN yokunamathisela kanye nokuqina kwe-oxis yezinga lokushisa eliphakeme, ukumelana nokushisa kwe-oxi ephezulu ithuthukisiwe, kuyilapho ukwengeza izakhi ezifana no-B kungathuthukisa ubulukhuni namandla okunamathela kwezingubo.

Ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bokuqanjwa kwezingxenye eziningi, kunezimpikiswano eziningi kulolu cwaningo. Ocwaningweni lwe-(Tix,Cr1-x)N multicomponent coatings, kukhona impikiswano enkulu emiphumeleni yocwaningo. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi (i-Tix,Cr1-x)N yokumboza isuselwe ku-TiN, futhi i-Cr ingaba khona kuphela ngendlela yokubuyisela isixazululo esiqinile ku-matrix yechashazi le-TiN, kodwa hhayi njengesigaba se-CrN esihlukile. Olunye ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi inani lama-athomu e-Cr athatha indawo ngokuqondile ama-athomu e-Ti ku-(Tix,Cr1-x)N yokumboza ilinganiselwe, futhi i-Cr esele ikhona kusimo esisodwa noma amafomu ahlanganiswe ne-N. Imiphumela yokuhlola ibonisa ukuthi ukungezwa kwe-Cr ekunambeni kunciphisa usayizi wezinhlayiya ezingaphezulu futhi kwandisa ubulukhuni, kanye nobulukhuni be-coating lapho ifinyelela ku-3% yesisindo sangaphakathi, ifinyelela ku-3% yesisindo sangaphakathi, kodwa ifinyelela ku-3% yesisindo sangaphakathi. of the enamathela futhi ifinyelela value yayo esiphezulu.

3, Olunye ungqimba olunamathelayo

Ngaphezu kwezingubo ezivame ukusetshenziswa ze-TiN, izitsha zobumba zobunjiniyela eziningi zisetshenziselwa ukuqinisa indawo yamagiya.

(1)Y. Terauchi et al. yaseJapan yafunda ukumelana nokuguga okungqubuzanayo kwe-titanium carbide noma amagiya e-ceramic e-titanium nitride afakwe ngendlela yokubeka umhwamuko. Amagiya ashiswe futhi acwebezeliswa ukuze afinyelele ubulukhuni bobuso obucishe bube yi-HV720 kanye nobukhulu obungaphezulu obungu-2.4 μm ngaphambi kokumbozwa, futhi izimbotshana ze-ceramic zalungiswa nge-chemical vapor deposition (CVD) ye-titanium carbide kanye nokufaka umhwamuko obonakalayo (PVD) we-titanium nitride, enogqinsi lwe-ceramic μm cishe engu-2. Izakhiwo zokugqoka ezingqubuzanayo zaphenywa lapho kukhona uwoyela nokungqubuzana okomile, ngokulandelana. Kutholwe ukuthi ukumelana ne-galling kanye nokumelana nokuklwebheka kwe-vice yegiya kwathuthukiswa kakhulu ngemuva kokumbozwa nge-ceramic.

(2)Inhlanganisela ye-Ni-P ne-TiN ehlanganiswe ngamakhemikhali yalungiswa ngokumbozwa kusengaphambili i-Ni-P njengongqimba olushintshayo bese kufakwa i-TiN. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ubulukhuni bobuso balokhu kuhlanganiswa kwenhlanganisela buye kwathuthukiswa ngezinga elithile, futhi ukumboza kuhlanganiswe kangcono ne-substrate futhi kunokumelana kangcono nokugqoka.

(3) WC/C, B4C ifilimu elincanyana
M. Murakawa et al., Umnyango Wezobunjiniyela Bemishini, i-Japan Institute of Technology, wasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-PVD ukufaka ifilimu elincanyana le-WC/C phezu kwamagiya, futhi ukuphila kwayo kwesevisi kwakuphindwe kathathu kunamagiya avamile acishiwe naphansi ngaphansi kwezimo zokuthambisa ezingenawo uwoyela. UFranz J et al. isebenzise ubuchwepheshe be-PVD ukuze ifake i-WC/C ne-B4C ifilimu elizacile ebusweni bamagiya e-FEZ-A kanye ne-FEZ-C, futhi ukuhlolwa kwabonisa ukuthi ukumbozwa kwe-PVD kunciphise kakhulu ukungqubuzana kwegiya, kwenza igiya langakwazi ukungenwa kalula yi-gluing eshisayo noma i-gluing, futhi kwathuthukisa umthamo wokuthwala umthwalo wegiya.

(4) Amafilimu e-CrN
Amafilimu e-CrN afana namafilimu e-TiN ngoba anobulukhuni obuphezulu, futhi amafilimu e-CrN amelana kakhulu ne-oxidation yokushisa ephezulu kune-TiN, anokumelana nokugqwala okungcono, ukucindezeleka okuphansi kwangaphakathi kunamafilimu e-TiN, kanye nokuqina okungcono kakhulu. U-Chen Ling et ulungiselele ifilimu eyinhlanganisela engagugi ye-TiAlCrN/CrN enesibopho esihle kakhulu esisekelwe kufilimu ebusweni be-HSS, waphinde wahlongoza nethiyori yokunqwabelanisa yokuhlukanisa yefilimu enezingqimba eziningi, uma umehluko wamandla okugudluzwa phakathi kwezendlalelo ezimbili mkhulu, ukugudluzwa okwenzeka kungqimba olulodwa kuzoba nzima ukweqa isixhumi esibonakalayo kolunye ungqimba, ngaleyo ndlela kugxivize indima yokuhlangana. U-Zhong Bin et wafunda umthelela wokuqukethwe kwe-nitrogen esakhiweni sesigaba kanye nezakhiwo ezigqokwayo zamafilimu e-CrNx, futhi ucwaningo lwabonisa ukuthi ukuphakama kwe-Cr2N (211) kokuhluka kumafilimu kancane kancane kwaba buthaka futhi inani eliphakeme le-CrN (220) lathuthukiswa kancane kancane ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-N2, izinhlayiya ezinkulu endaweni yefilimu zancipha kancane kancane futhi zancipha kancane kancane. Lapho i-aeration ye-N2 ingu-25 ml/min (umthombo ohlosiwe we-arc wamanje wawungu-75 A, ifilimu ye-CrN efakiwe inekhwalithi enhle yendawo, ukuqina okuhle nokumelana okuhle kakhulu kokugqoka lapho i-N2 aeration ingu-25ml/min (umthombo ohlosiwe we-arc wamanje ngu-75A, ukucindezela okungalungile kungu-100V).

(5) Ifilimu eqinile
Ifilimu ye-Superhard ifilimu eqinile enobulukhuni obungaphezu kwe-40GPa, ukumelana okuhle kakhulu kokugqokwa, ukumelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye ne-coefficient ephansi ye-friction kanye ne-coefficient ephansi yokwandisa okushisayo, ikakhulukazi ifilimu yedayimane ye-amorphous nefilimu ye-CN. Amafilimu edayimane e-amorphous anezakhiwo ze-amorphous, azikho isakhiwo esi-oda sebanga elide, futhi aqukethe inani elikhulu lamabhondi e-CC tetrahedral, ngakho abizwa nangokuthi amafilimu e-tetrahedral amorphous carbon. Njengohlobo lwefilimu ye-amorphous carbon, i-diamond-like coating (DLC) inezinto eziningi ezinhle kakhulu ezifana nedayimane, ezifana ne-high-thermal conductivity, ukuqina okuphezulu, i-modulus ephezulu yokunwebeka, i-coefficient ephansi yokwanda okushisayo, ukuzinza okuhle kwamakhemikhali, ukumelana okuhle kokugqoka kanye ne-coefficient ephansi ye-friction. Kuye kwaboniswa ukuthi ukumboza amafilimu afana nedayimane endaweni yegiya kunganweba impilo yesevisi ngesilinganiso esingu-6 futhi kuthuthukise kakhulu ukumelana nokukhathala. Amafilimu e-CN, aziwa nangokuthi amafilimu e-amorphous carbon-nitrogen, anesakhiwo sekristalu esifana nesezinhlanganisela ze-β-Si3N4 covalent futhi aziwa nangokuthi yi-β-C3N4. U-Liu no-Cohen et al. yenza izibalo eziqinile zethiyori kusetshenziswa izibalo ze-pseudopotential band kusukela kumgomo wokuqala wemvelo , iqinisekisile ukuthi i-β-C3N4 inamandla amakhulu okubopha, isakhiwo somshini ozinzile, okungenani isimo esisodwa esizinzile singaba khona, futhi i-modulus yayo yokunwebeka iqhathaniswa nedayimane, enezakhiwo ezinhle, ezingase zithuthukise ngokuphumelelayo ukuqina kokuqina kokuqina nokunciphisa ukuqina kwe-friction.

(6) Olunye ungqimba lwe-alloy olungagugi
Ezinye izimbotshana ezingagugi ukumelana ne-alloy nazo ziye zazanywa ukuthi zisetshenziswe kumagiya, ngokwesibonelo, ukubekwa kwe-Ni-P-Co ingxubevange ungqimba ebusweni bezinyo 45# amagiya ensimbi ungqimba lwe-alloy ukuthola inhlangano yokusanhlamvu okuhle kakhulu, enganweba impilo ibe yizikhathi eziyi-1.144 ~ 1.533. Kuphinde kwacutshungulwa ukuthi ungqimba lwensimbi ye-Cu kanye ne-Ni-W alloy coating kusetshenziswa endaweni yezinyo le-Cu-Cr-P alloy cast iron gear ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla ayo; I-Ni-W ne-Ni-Co alloy coating isetshenziswa endaweni yezinyo le-HT250 cast iron gear ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukumelana nokugqokwa izikhathi ezingu-4 ~ 6 uma kuqhathaniswa negiya elingamboziwe.