Itekhnoloji yokwambathisa igiya

Itekhnoloji yokubeka i-PVD ibisenziwa iminyaka emininzi njengetekhnoloji entsha yokuguqulwa komphezulu, ngakumbi itekhnoloji yokucoca i-vacuum ion, efumene uphuhliso olukhulu kwiminyaka yakutshanje kwaye ngoku isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kunyango lwezixhobo, ukubumba, amakhonkco episton, iigiya kunye namanye amacandelo. Iigiya ezigqunyiweyo ezilungiselelwe yitekhnoloji yokwambatha ye-vacuum ion inokunciphisa kakhulu i-coefficient yokukhuhlana, iphucule i-anti-wear kunye ne-anti-corrosion ethile, kwaye ibe yinto ekugxilwe kuyo kunye nendawo eshushu yophando kwicandelo letekhnoloji yokomeleza umphezulu wegiya.

Izinto eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa iigiya ziyintsimbi eyenziweyo, intsimbi etyhidiweyo, isinyithi esityhidiweyo, isinyithi esingenawo isinyithi (ithusi, i-aluminium) kunye neeplastiki. Insimbi ubukhulu becala yintsimbi ye-45, i-35SiMn, i-40Cr, i-40CrNi, i-40MnB, i-38CrMoAl. Intsimbi ephantsi yekhabhoni esetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-20Cr, 20CrMnTi, 20MnB, 20CrMnTo. Intsimbi eyenziweyo isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiigiya ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo ngcono, ngelixa intsimbi etyhidiweyo idla ngokusetyenziselwa ukwenza izixhobo ezinobubanzi> 400mm kunye nesakhiwo esinzima. Izixhobo zentsimbi ezilwa neglue kunye nokuchasana kwe-pitting, kodwa ukungabikho kwempembelelo kunye nokumelana nokunxiba, ngokukodwa kumsebenzi ozinzileyo, amandla angekho isantya esiphantsi okanye ubungakanani obukhulu kunye nemilo enzima, inokusebenza phantsi kwemeko yokungabikho kwe-lubrication , ilungele ukuhanjiswa okuvulekileyo. Iintsimbi ezingenayo intsimbi ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo yintsimbi yobhedu, i-aluminium-iron bronze kunye ne-casting aluminium alloy, esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ekwenzeni ii-turbines okanye iigiyeri, kodwa iimpawu zokutyibilika kunye ne-anti-friction zihluphekile, kuphela kumthwalo ophakathi kunye nesantya esisezantsi. Iigiya zemathiriyeli engeyiyo eyentsimbi zisetyenziswa ikakhulu kwezinye iindawo ezineemfuno ezikhethekileyo, njengokuthambisa ioyile kunye nokuthembeka okuphezulu. Indawo yeemeko ezinjengongcoliseko oluphantsi, njengezixhobo zekhaya, izixhobo zonyango, oomatshini bokutya kunye noomatshini belaphu.

Izixhobo zokugquma igiya

Izixhobo ze-ceramic zobunjineli zizinto ezithembisa kakhulu ezinamandla aphezulu kunye nokuqina, ngakumbi ukumelana nobushushu obugqwesileyo, ukuhanjiswa kwe-thermal ephantsi kunye nokwandiswa kwe-thermal, ukumelana nokunxiba okuphezulu kunye nokumelana ne-oxidation. Inani elikhulu lophononongo lubonise ukuba izinto ze-ceramic ziyakwazi ukumelana nobushushu kwaye zinxitywe kancinci kwiintsimbi. Ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ze-ceramic endaweni yezixhobo zetsimbi kwiindawo zokunxiba zingaphucula ubomi be-friction sub, inokuhlangabezana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye nezixhobo eziphezulu zokunxiba, izinto ezininzi ezisebenzayo kunye nezinye iimfuno ezinzima. Okwangoku, izixhobo ze-ceramic zobunjineli zisetyenzisiwe ekwenziweni kweenjini zokumelana nobushushu, ukuhanjiswa koomatshini kwiindawo ezinxitywayo, izixhobo zekhemikhali kwiindawo ezinganyangekiyo kwi-corrosion kunye neendawo zokutywina, zibonisa ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa okubanzi kwezinto ezilindelweyo ze-ceramic.

Amazwe aphuhlileyo afana neJamani, iJapan, iUnited States, iUnited Kingdom kunye namanye amazwe ahlomele ukubaluleka okukhulu kuphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zobunjineli ze-ceramic, ukutyala imali eninzi kunye nabasebenzi ukuphuhlisa ithiyori yokucubungula kunye nobuchwepheshe be-ceramics zobunjineli. IJamani iqalise inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi "SFB442", injongo yayo kukusebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-PVD ukwenza ifilimu efanelekileyo kumphezulu wamalungu ukuze kuthathelwe indawo indawo enokuba yingozi yokuthambisa okusingqongileyo kunye nomzimba womntu. idipozithwe kumphezulu inokutshintsha ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi woxinzelelo olugqithisileyo lwezongezo ezichasene nokunxiba, uFranz et al eJamani wasebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-PVD ukulungiselela iifilimu ze-WC / C ezibonisa iipropathi ezigqwesileyo zokudinwa, eziphakamileyo kunezongezo ze-EP, isiphumo esifanayo sinika ithuba lokutshintsha izongezo ezinobungozi ze-Eterial Institute I-Aachen, eJamani, ngenkxaso-mali evela kwi-DFG (iKhomishoni yoPhando lwaseJamani), ibonise ukwanda okukhulu kokumelana nokukhathala emva kokubeka iifilimu ezifanelekileyo kwi-100Cr6 yensimbi usebenzisa iteknoloji ye-PVD Ukongeza, i-United States General Motors iqalile kwifilimu yayo ye-VolvoS80Turbo yemoto yokuphucula ifilimu yokudinwa kwe-giar ebhalisiweyo i-IT iqalise i-IT ebhalisiweyo uphawu lwentengiso olubhalisiweyo lwe-Graphit-iC kunye ne-Dymon-iC ngokulandelelanayo luvelile kwiimpawu zorhwebo ezibhalisiweyo ze-Graphit-iC kunye ne-Dymon-iC nazo ziyafumaneka e-UK.

Njengeendawo ezibalulekileyo zokuhanjiswa koomatshini, iigiya zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kushishino, ngoko kubaluleke kakhulu ukubaluleka kokufunda usetyenziso lwemathiriyeli yeceramic kwiigiya. Okwangoku, ii-ceramics zobunjineli ezisetyenziswa kwiigiyeri ikakhulu zilandelayo.

1. Umaleko wokugquma weTiN
1, iTiN

Ion yokwaleka i-TiN yomaleko we-ceramic yenye yezona zinto zisetyenziswa kakhulu phantsi kweengubo eziguquliweyo ezinobunzima obuphezulu, amandla anamathele aphezulu, i-coefficient ephantsi ye-friction, i-corrosion resistance resistance, njl njl. Isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ngakumbi kwisixhobo kunye noshishino lokubumba. Esona sizathu siphambili esichaphazela ukusetyenziswa kwe-ceramic coating kwi-gear yingxaki yokudibanisa phakathi kwe-ceramic coating kunye ne-substrate. Kuba iimeko zokusebenza kunye nezinto eziphembelela iigiya zintsonkothe ​​kakhulu kunezo zixhobo kunye nokungunda, ukusetyenziswa kwe-TiN enye yokwambathisa kunyango lomphezulu wegiya kuthintelwe kakhulu. Nangona ukutyabeka nge-ceramic kuneengenelo zokuqina okuphezulu, i-coefficient ephantsi ye-friction kunye nokumelana nomhlwa, i-brittle kwaye inzima ukufumana i-coat engqindilili, ngoko ifuna ubulukhuni obuphezulu kunye ne-substrate ephezulu yokuxhasa i-coefficient ukuze idlale iimpawu zayo. Ke ngoko, i-ceramic coating isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-carbide kunye nesantya esiphezulu sentsimbi. Izinto zegiya zithambile xa zithelekiswa nezinto ezenziwe ngeceramic, kwaye umahluko phakathi kobume be-substrate kunye nokwaleka mkhulu, ngoko ke indibaniselwano yokwambathisa kunye ne-substrate ihlwempuzekile, kwaye ukugquma akwanelanga ukuxhasa umaleko, okwenza ukuba kube lula ukuwa phantsi kwinkqubo yokusetyenziswa, kungekuphela nje ukuba ayinakudlala izibonelelo zokwaleka kweceramic, kodwa amasuntswana okwambathisa nge-ceramic abangela ukuguga kweegiya eziya kuguga. Isisombululo sangoku kukusebenzisa iteknoloji yonyango edibeneyo yokuphucula i-bond phakathi kwe-ceramic kunye ne-substrate. Itekhnoloji yonyango lomphezulu ohlanganisiweyo ibhekiselele ekudityanisweni kokwalekwa kokubeka umphunga womzimba kunye nezinye iinkqubo zonyango lwangaphezulu okanye ukwambathisa, kusetyenziswa imiphezulu emibini eyahlukeneyo/indawo engaphantsi komhlaba ukuguqula umphezulu we-substrate imathiriyeli ukuze kufumaneke iipropati ezidityanisiweyo zomatshini ezingenako ukufezekiswa ngenkqubo enye yonyango lomphezulu. I-TiN ehlanganisiweyo yokwaleka efakwe yi-ion nitriding kunye ne-PVD yenye yezona zinto ziphandwayo zotyatyeko eziyintlanganisela. I-plasma nitriding substrate kunye ne-TiN ceramic composite coating inebhondi eyomeleleyo kwaye ukuxhathisa ukunxiba kuphuculwe kakhulu.

Ubukhulu obufanelekileyo bomaleko wefilimu ye-TiN kunye nokumelana okugqwesileyo kokunxiba kunye nesiseko sefilimu edibeneyo malunga ne-3 ~ 4μm. Ukuba ubukhulu bomgca wefilimu bungaphantsi kwe-2μm, ukuxhatshazwa kokugqoka akuyi kuphuculwa kakhulu. Ukuba ubukhulu bomgca wefilimu bungaphezulu kwe-5μm, ukudibanisa isiseko sefilimu kuya kuncitshiswa.

2, Umaleko omninzi, iTiN enamacandelo amaninzi

Ngokusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngcembe nangokusasazekileyo kotyatyazo lwe-TiN, kukho uphando oluninzi malunga nendlela yokuphucula kunye nokuphucula iingubo ze-TiN. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-coatings ye-multi-component kunye ne-multilayer coatings iye yaphuhliswa ngokusekelwe kwi-binary TiN coatings, njenge-Ti-CN, i-Ti-CNB, i-Ti-Al-N, i-Ti-BN, (i-Tix, i-Cr1-x) N, i-TiN / Al2O3, njl. ukuphuculwa, ngelixa ukongeza izinto ezifana ne-B kunokuphucula ukuqina kunye namandla okubambelela kwiingubo.

Ngenxa yobunzima bokuqulunqwa kwamacandelo amaninzi, kukho iingxabano ezininzi kolu phononongo. Kuphononongo lwe (Tix,Cr1-x)N yokwambathisa yamacandelo amaninzi, kukho impikiswano enkulu kwiziphumo zophando. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuba (i-Tix,Cr1-x)N yokugquma isekelwe kwi-TiN, kwaye i-Cr ingabakho kuphela ngendlela yokutshintsha isisombululo esiqinileyo kwi-TiN dot matrix, kodwa kungekhona njengesigaba se-CrN esahlukileyo. Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba inani le-athom ze-Cr ezithatha indawo ngokuthe ngqo kwi-athom ze-Ti (Tix, Cr1-x) N zokugquma zilinganiselwe, kwaye i-Cr eseleyo ikhona kwimeko ye-singlett okanye iifom ze-compounds kunye ne-N. Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba ukongezwa kwe-Cr kwi-coating kunciphisa ubungakanani bamasuntswana angaphezulu kwaye kwandisa ukuqina, kunye nobunzima bexabiso le-coating xa lifikelela kwi-3% yexabiso eliphezulu loxinzelelo, kodwa lifikelela kwi-3% yobunzima bexabiso langaphakathi. yokwaleka nayo ifikelela kwixabiso layo eliphezulu.

3. Omnye umaleko wokugquma

Ukongeza kwiingubo zeTiN ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, iikeramikhi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zobunjineli zisetyenziselwa ukomeleza umphezulu wegiya.

(1)Y. Terauchi et al. waseJapan wafunda ukuxhathisa ukunxitywa kwe-titanium carbide okanye i-titanium nitride ceramic gears ezifakwe ngendlela yokubeka umphunga. Iigiya zaye zagqunywa zaze zagudiswa ukuze kufumaneke ubulukhuni bomphezulu obumalunga ne-HV720 kunye noburhabaxa bomphezulu be-2.4 μm phambi kokwaleka, kunye nokwalekwa kwe-ceramic yalungiswa ngokufakwa kwekhemikhali yomphunga (CVD) ye-titanium carbide kunye nokubekwa komphunga womzimba (PVD) kwi-titanium nitride, enobunzima be-ceramic μm malunga. Iipropati zokugqoka ezikhukhulayo zaphandwa phambi kweoli kunye ne-friction eyomileyo, ngokulandelanayo. Kwafunyaniswa ukuba ukuxhathisa kwe-galling kunye nokumelana nokukrweleka kwesixhobo segiya kwandiswa kakhulu emva kokugqunywa ngeceramic.

(2)Ukwaleka okudityanisiweyo kweNi-P eqatywe ngamachiza kunye neTiN yalungiswa ngokuqatywa kwangaphambili kweNi-P njengomaleko wenguqu kuze kufakwe iTiN. Uphononongo lubonisa ukuba ukuqina komphezulu wolu luhlu oludibeneyo kuphuculwe kwinqanaba elithile, kwaye ukugquma kuhlanganiswe ngcono kunye ne-substrate kwaye kunokumelana nokunxiba okungcono.

(3) WC / C, B4C ifilimu ebhityileyo
M. Murakawa et al., iSebe lezoBunjineli boMatshini, iZiko leTekhnoloji laseJapan, lasebenzisa iteknoloji yePVD yokufaka ifilimu ye-WC / C ebhityileyo kumphezulu weegiya, kwaye ubomi bayo benkonzo babuphindwe kathathu kunobuqhelekileyo obucinyiweyo kunye nezixhobo eziphantsi komhlaba phantsi kweemeko zokuthambisa ioyile. UFranz J et al. isetyenziswe iteknoloji ye-PVD yokufaka i-WC / C kunye ne-B4C ifilimu ebhityileyo kumphezulu we-FEZ-A kunye ne-FEZ-C yegiya, kwaye uvavanyo lubonise ukuba i-PVD yokugqoka yanciphisa kakhulu ukukhuhlana kwegiya, yenza ukuba i-giya ingabikho lula kwi-gluing eshushu okanye i-gluing, kwaye yaphucula umthamo wokuthwala umthwalo wegiya.

(4) Iifilimu ze-CrN
Iifilimu ze-CrN zifana neefilimu ze-TiN ngokuba zinobunzima obuphezulu, kwaye iifilimu ze-CrN zixhathisa i-oxidation yeqondo lokushisa eliphezulu kune-TiN, inokumelana nokugqwala okungcono, uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olusezantsi kuneefilimu ze-TiN, kunye nokuqina okungcono. U-Chen Ling et ulungiselele ifilimu edityanisiweyo ye-TiAlCrN/CrN engagugiyo enebhanyabhanya esekwe ngokugqwesileyo kumphezulu we-HSS, kwaye ucebise ngethiyori yokupakisha yokupakisha ifilimu ye-multilayer, ukuba umahluko wamandla okukhutshwa phakathi kweeleya ezimbini mkhulu, ukushenxiswa okwenzeka kumaleko omnye kuya kuba nzima ukuwela ujongano lwayo kwelinye umaleko, ngaloo ndlela kuqiniswe indima yojongano. U-Zhong Bin et wafunda umphumo womxholo we-nitrogen kwisakhiwo sesigaba kunye neempawu zokunxiba ezikhukhulayo zeefilimu ze-CrNx, kwaye uphononongo lubonise ukuba i-Cr2N (211) incopho ye-diffraction kwiifilimu yancipha ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye i-CrN (220) incopho iphuculwe ngokuthe ngcembe ngokunyuka komxholo we-N2, amasuntswana amakhulu kumphezulu wefilimu aye ancipha ngokuthe ngcembe kwaye umphezulu wefilimu wehla ngokuthe ngcembe. Xa i-aeration ye-N2 yayiyi-25 ml / min (i-target source i-arc yangoku yi-75 A, ifilimu ye-CrN egciniweyo inomgangatho omhle womphezulu, ubunzima obuhle kunye nokuxhatshazwa okugqwesileyo kokugqoka xa i-N2 aeration i-25ml / min (i-target source arc current yi-75A, uxinzelelo olubi luyi-100V).

(5) Ifilimu enzima kakhulu
Ifilimu yeSuperhard yifilimu eyomeleleyo enobunzima obungaphezulu kwe-40GPa, ukuxhathisa okugqwesileyo kokunxiba, ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu kunye ne-coefficient ephantsi ye-friction kunye ne-coefficient ephantsi yokwanda kwe-thermal, ngakumbi ifilimu yedayimani ye-amorphous kunye nefilimu ye-CN. Iifilimu zedayimani ze-amorphous zineempawu ze-amorphous, akukho luhlu olude oluyalelweyo, kwaye luqulethe inani elikhulu le-CC tetrahedral bonds, ngoko ke zibizwa ngokuba yi-tetrahedral amorphous carbon films. Njengohlobo lwefilimu ye-amorphous carbon, i-diamond-like coating (i-DLC) ineempawu ezininzi ezintle ezifana nedayimane, ezifana ne-thermal conductivity ephezulu, ubunzima obuphezulu, i-modulus e-elastic ephezulu, i-coefficient ephantsi yokwandiswa kwe-thermal, ukuzinza okulungileyo kweekhemikhali, ukuxhathisa okulungileyo kunye ne-coefficient ephantsi ye-friction. Kuye kwaboniswa ukuba ukugquma iifilimu ezinjengedayimane kwimigangatho yegiya kunokwandisa ubomi benkonzo nge-6 kunye nokuphucula kakhulu ukuxhathisa ukukhathala. Iifilimu ze-CN, ezikwabizwa ngokuba ziifilimu ze-amorphous carbon-nitrogen, zinesakhiwo sekristale esifana neso se-β-Si3N4 covalent compounds kwaye saziwa ngokuba yi-β-C3N4. ULiu noCohen et al. yenza izibalo ezingqongqo zethiyori kusetyenziswa izibalo zebhendi ye-pseudopotential ukusuka kumgaqo-siseko wendalo yokuqala, iqinisekisile ukuba i-β-C3N4 inamandla amakhulu okubopha, i-stable mechanical structure, ubuncinane enye i-sub-stable state ingaba khona, kunye ne-modulus yayo e-elastic ifaniswa nedayimani, eneepropati ezintle, ezinokuphucula ngokufanelekileyo ukuqina komgangatho kunye nokunciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukuqina kwe-friction kunye nokunciphisa i-corofficient.

(6) Enye i-alloy engagungqiyo umaleko wokugquma
Ezinye ii-alloy zokunxiba ezixhathisayo ziye zazanywa ukuba zisetyenziswe kwiigiya, umzekelo, ukubekwa kwe-Ni-P-Co yealloy layer kwindawo yezinyo le-45 # iigiya zentsimbi ngumaleko we-alloy wokufumana umbutho weenkozo ze-ultra-fine, ezinokwandisa ubomi ukuya kuma-1.144 ~ 1.533 amaxesha. Kwakhona kuye kwafundwa ukuba i-Cu metal layer kunye ne-Ni-W ye-alloy ye-alloy ifakwe kwindawo yezinyo le-Cu-Cr-P ingxube ye-iron gear yokuphucula amandla ayo; I-Ni-W kunye ne-Ni-Co i-alloy ye-alloy ifakwe kwindawo yezinyo le-HT250 yentsimbi yentsimbi ukuphucula ukuxhathisa ukunxiba ngamaxesha angama-4 ~ 6 xa kuthelekiswa nesixhobo esingafakwanga.