Gukoresha ibyuma bya pulasitiki bikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho by'imodoka, ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga bikoreshwa n'abantu, ibikoresho by'amatara, gupakira ubwiza, ibikoresho byo mu rugo, n'izindi nganda. Binyuze mu ikoranabuhanga ryo gusiga irangi ry'icyuma, substrate ya pulasitiki ishobora guhabwa isura y'icyuma kandi, bitewe n'uburyo bwo gusiga irangi, imiterere myiza y'urumuri, imitako, imirimbo, cyangwa imikorere.
Ariko, gushyira ibice bya pulasitiki mu cyumba cy’icyuma gishyuha (vacuum) no gushyiramo icyuma gifunganye. Ugereranyije n’ibikoresho by’icyuma, pulasitiki muri rusange ifite ubushobozi buke bwo kudakoresha ubushyuhe, imiterere itandukanye yo gusohora imyuka, ingufu nke zo hejuru, ndetse n’imyitwarire igoye yo guhindura imiterere y’ibikoresho. Kubwibyo, imiterere y’ibikoresho n’uburyo bihinduka bigomba kurebwa hamwe n’ibikoresho, imiterere y’imiterere y’ibikoresho, ubushobozi bwo kubitunganya, n’ibisabwa ku gusiga ibikoresho bya pulasitiki.
Kugira ngo inzira y’inganda ikomeze kuba nziza, sisitemu yo gusiga irangi ry’amashanyarazi igomba guhuzwa n’imiterere y’icyuma gikozwe muri pulasitiki n’imiterere ikenewe yo gusiga irangi.
1. Ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa Substrate bigena ibikoresho by'ibanze n'ibisabwa mu gutunganya
Plastike zitandukanye zigaragaza imiterere itandukanye cyane y’ubushyuhe, imiterere ya mekanike, n’imiterere y’ubuso, ibyo bikaba bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku byuma bikoresha icyuma gishyuha.
Ubwubatsi busanzwe bwa pulasitiki n'ubw'urumuri bikoreshwa mu gukora ibyuma bivamo umwuka birimo ABS, PC, PC+ABS, PMMA, PP, PA, n'izindi substrates za polymer. Uburyo zirwanya ubushyuhe, uburyo zifata amazi, kwaguka kw'ubushyuhe, imyitwarire yazo yo gusohora imyuka, n'imiterere y'ubuso ntabwo ari bimwe.
Urugero, ibice bya PC na PC + ABS bikoreshwa cyane mu matara y'imodoka, imitako y'imbere, no mu mitako. Mu bihe bikwiriye, bishobora guhindurwamo icyuma hakoreshejwe PVD kugira ngo bigire ishusho y'icyuma. Ibindi bikoresho bya polymer bishobora gukenera ubundi buryo bwo gutunganya ubuso, primer, cyangwa base-coat kugira ngo haboneke uburyo buhagije bwo koroshya ubuso no gufatana neza.
Kubwibyo, guhitamo ibikoresho ntibigomba gutangirira ku bipimo by'icyumba gusa. Intambwe ya mbere ni ukumenya ibikoresho bya pulasitiki, imiterere yo gushingwa, ubwiza bw'ubuso, n'uburyo bwo gusiga bukenewe. Ibi bintu bitanga ishingiro ryo kugena inzira ikwiye yo gusohora umwuka n'imiterere y'ibikoresho.
2. Igice cya Jeometri bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bunini bw'icyumba n'uburyo gitwikirwa kimwe
Ingano n'imiterere y'igice cya pulasitiki ni bimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi mu guhindura ibikoresho.
Ku bice birambuye cyangwa byoroshye, imiterere y'igitambaro cyoroshye kugenzura. Ariko, ibice by'imodoka, amatara, imitako yo gushushanya, n'ibindi bice bya pulasitiki bishobora kuba birimo ubuso bugoramye, impande ndende, impande zityaye, imbavu, imitwe, n'ibindi bintu bigoye bifite imiterere itatu.
Mu gihe cyo gushyiramo umwuka mu cyuma gishyushye, uruziga rw'igitambaro rugira aho ruhurira mu cyerekezo. Itandukaniro riri hagati y'intera n'inguni hagati y'aho igitambaro giherereye n'ahantu hatandukanye h'igikoresho gishobora gutuma habaho ihinduka ry'ubugari bwa firime, ibara, ubwiza bw'igitambaro, n'ibindi bipimo byo gutwikira.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, ingano nziza zo gutwikira mu cyumba ntizigomba kugenwa gusa n'ingano ntarengwa y'inyuma y'umusaruro. Ibahasha y'umurimo, ingano z'ibikoresho, intera iva aho ituruka ijya aho ikoreshwa, inzira yo kuzenguruka, n'agace gashobora gukoreshwa byo gutwikira byose bigomba kwitabwaho.
Ku bice bya pulasitiki bifite imiterere itatu, guhinduranya neza ibikoresho byo gukora no gushushanya ibikoresho bishobora kunoza uburyo bwo gusiga hakoreshejwe uburyo buhoraho bwo guhindura icyerekezo cy'ubuso ugereranyije n'aho gusiga.
3. Imikorere ya sisitemu y'ubushyuhe ni ingenzi cyane ku bikoresho bya pulasitiki
Ugereranyije n'ibindi bice by'icyuma byinshi, ibikoresho bya polymer bishobora kuba birimo ubushuhe bwinjira mu kirere, ibintu bisigara bihinduka, n'ibindi bintu bishobora kurekurwa munsi y'umwuka uvamo umwuka. Uku gusohoka kw'umwuka bishobora kugira ingaruka ku rugero rw'umwuka uvamo umwuka no kudahindagurika kw'imikorere.
Iyo sisitemu yo gukuramo umwuka idashoboye gukuraho neza iyo myuka, aho imyuka ishyirwa ishobora kuba idakora neza, bigatera inenge nko kudafata neza, guhinduka ibara, utwenge tw’imirongo, uduce duto, cyangwa imiterere idakora neza ya firime.
Bityo rero, ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gukora ibyuma bya pulasitiki bigomba kuba bifite uburyo bwo gupompa ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa vacuum, icyumba cyo gupompa ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa vacuum, imiyoboro yo gupompa ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa vacuum, valves, na system yo gupima ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa vacuum. Umuvuduko wo gupompa ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa vacuum n'umuvuduko wabyo ugomba gutoranywa hakurikijwe ingano y'icyumba, uburyo gikoresho gipakira ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa vacuum, imiterere y'ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa substrate, n'igihe cyo gukora ibikoresho.
Muri icyo gihe, gutunganya mbere y’aho ibintu bikorerwa mu buryo bwa substrate no kumisha neza mbere y’uko bitegurwa cyangwa bivamo umwuka bishobora kuba ngombwa ku bikoresho bimwe na bimwe bya pulasitiki no kubikoresha kugira ngo bigabanye ubushuhe n’isohoka ry’ibintu bihindagurika.
Ahantu hadahinduka ho gusohora icyuma gishyushye si ingenzi gusa kugira ngo filime igere ku bwiza bukenewe, ahubwo ni ingenzi no kugira ngo ikomeze gusubirwamo mu gihe cyo gukora ibintu buri gihe.
4. Ikoranabuhanga ryo Gushyiramo Imbunda Rigomba Guhuza n'Imikorere Isabwa yo Gusiga Imbunda
Uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha ibyuma bya pulasitiki bushobora gusaba ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye ryo kubibika.
Gushonga kw'ingufu bikoreshwa cyane mu gushushanya ibyuma bitewe n'uburyo byoroshye bwo gukora no gushyiramo ibintu neza. Urugero, gushonga kw'ingufu bya aluminiyumu bikunze gukoreshwa mu gutuma ibintu bya pulasitiki bibona neza.
Gukoresha magnetron sputtering bitanga ubworoherane bwinshi mu bijyanye no guhitamo ibikoresho n'imiterere yo gusiga kandi bishobora gukoreshwa muri filime z'icyuma, filime z'ibyuma, n'imyambaro ikoreshwa mu gusiga. Bikwiriye cyane cyane gukoreshwa mu gusaba imiterere y'urumuri igenzurwa, amabara, urumuri, cyangwa imiterere y'urwego runini rw'imikorere.
Ku bikorwa bimwe na bimwe, PECVD cyangwa izindi nzira zifashishwa na plasma zishobora guhuzwa na PVD kugira ngo zishyiremo ibice birinda cyangwa bikora neza. Ibi ni ingirakamaro cyane cyane iyo ubuso bw'icyuma bukeneye imbaraga zo kurwanya kwangirika, imiti, ubushuhe, ingese, cyangwa gusaza kw'ibidukikije.
Bityo rero, guhitamo ibikoresho bigomba gushingira ku buryo bwose bwo gusiga irangi, aho guhitamo ikoranabuhanga rimwe gusa ryo gushyiramo irangi.
5. Igenzura ry'ubushyuhe bwo munsi y'ubutaka ntirishobora kwirengagizwa
Gucunga ubushyuhe ni kimwe mu bitandukanya cyane ibyuma bya pulasitiki n'ibice by'icyuma bitwikiriye.
Ibice byinshi bya pulasitiki bifite ubushobozi buke bwo kwihanganira ubushyuhe. Ubushyuhe bwinshi bushobora gutera imihindagurikire y'ibice, inenge ku buso, ihindagurika ry'urumuri, cyangwa se impinduka zihoraho ku gice cyabumbwe.
Muri icyo gihe, hari uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwo gushyiramo ibintu butanga ubushyuhe bwinshi binyuze mu guterwa kwa plasma cyangwa imirasire iva mu isoko y’umwuka. Kubera iyo mpamvu, sisitemu yo gusiga iragomba kugenzura umutwaro w’ubushyuhe ushyirwa ku bikoresho by’akazi.
Bitewe n'uburyo ibikoresho bikoreshwa, bishobora gukenera ibikoresho bikonjeshwa n'amazi, ubushyuhe bugenzurwa, intera nziza hagati y'aho biva bikagera ku gice cy'ubutaka, igipimo gikwiye cyo gushyiramo, cyangwa uburyo bwo gukurikirana ibikorwa kugira ngo hirindwe ubushyuhe bukabije.
Ku bijyanye n'ibice by'imodoka n'ibinyabutabire bigezweho, kugenzura ubushyuhe bigomba gusuzumwa hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo kwihanganira ibintu hamwe n'ibisabwa n'ibinyabutabire by'ibicuruzwa birangiye.
6. Imiterere y'ubuso mbere yo gutunganya no gusiga irangi igomba gusuzumwa hamwe n'ibikoresho
Imikorere y'icyuma gikozwe mu cyuma gishyuha ntabwo iterwa gusa n'ibikoresho byo gushyiramo ibikoresho ahubwo iterwa n'imiterere y'ubuso bwa pulasitiki.
Ku bikorwa byinshi, ubuso bwa pulasitiki bukozwe mu buryo bwa plastike bushobora gusaba gusukurwa, kuvurwa na plasma, gusiga irangi ry’ibanze, primer, cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo gutegura ubuso mbere yo kwinjira mu cyumba cy’ubusamo. Intego ni ukunoza isuku y’ubuso, kugabanya umwanda, gutanga ubuso bukwiye bwo gushyiramo, no kongera uburyo bwo gufatana kw’irangi.
Imiterere y'igitambaro ishobora kandi kuba irimo urwego rw'icyuma rukurikirwa n'urupapuro rwo hejuru rurinda cyangwa urwego rwo kurinda rufite polymeri ya plasma, bitewe n'uburambe bukenewe.
Urugero, ibice bya pulasitiki bisharije bishobora gusaba ubuso bworoshye kandi butanga urumuri rwinshi mbere yo gushyira aluminiyumu. Ibice byo hanze by'imodoka bishobora gusaba uburinzi bwiyongereye ku bushuhe, imiti, imirasire y'izuba, ndetse no kwangirika kw'imashini.
Bityo rero, igenamigambi ry'ibikoresho rigomba gusuzuma umurongo wose wo gusiga, harimo no gutunganya mbere y'uko bikoreshwa, gushyira mu buryo bushyushye, gukonjesha, n'uburyo bwo gusiga mu buryo burinda ubushyuhe, aho gusuzuma icyumba cyo gusigamo umwuka nk'igikoresho cyihariye.
7. Igishushanyo mbonera cy'ibikoresho ni ingenzi cyane ku bice bikomeye bya pulasitiki
Ku bice bya pulasitiki bifite imiterere y’ubuso igoye, imiterere y’ibikoresho bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku buryo bwo gutwikira no gukora neza.
Igikoresho kigomba gutanga ahantu hahamye mu gihe kigabanya ahantu hapfutse igipfukisho gituruka ku gupfuka. Muri icyo gihe, igikoresho kigomba gutuma imitwaro n'amapakururo bipakururwa neza kandi kigatanga amashanyarazi cyangwa imashini bihagije aho bikenewe n'igikorwa.
Ku bice by’impande eshatu, gusimburana kw’imibumbe, gusimburana kw’imirongo myinshi, cyangwa icyerekezo cyiza cy’imirimo bishobora gukoreshwa kugira ngo harusheho kuba ubwiza bw’igitambaro no kuba kimwe.
Igikoresho kigomba kandi gusuzuma imiterere y'ubushyuhe bw'igice cya pulasitiki. Gukanda cyane cyangwa inkunga mbi ya mekanike bishobora gutera imihindagurikire, mu gihe imiterere idakwiye ishobora gutera ingaruka mbi zo gutwikira hagati y'amatsinda atandukanye.
Ku bw'ibyo, igishushanyo mbonera cy'ibikoresho kigomba guterwa hamwe n'imiterere y'icyumba n'imiterere y'aho ibintu bishyirwa.
8. Ubushobozi bwo gukora bugena imiterere ikwiye y'ibikoresho
Uburyo bwo gusiga irangi bukwiriye ingero za laboratwari bushobora kuba budakwiye gukoreshwa mu gukora ibintu byinshi.
Ubushobozi bw'ibikoresho bugomba gusuzumwa hashingiwe ku bipimo by'ibice, umubare w'ibice kuri buri gice, ubucucike bw'imizigo, igihe cyo gutwikira, igipimo cyo gushyiramo, n'umusaruro ukenewe buri munsi.
Kongera umubare w'ibice byuzuye mu cyumba bishobora kongera umusaruro w'ibitekerezo, ariko gukurura cyane bishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo irangi ringana ndetse no ku gihe cyo kugarura umwuka mu buryo butunguranye. Kubwibyo, ingano nziza yo gukurura ntabwo ari ngombwa ko iba ari yo ntarengwa ishoboka.
Ku bijyanye n'inganda, guhitamo ibikoresho bigomba kuringaniza ikoreshwa ry'icyumba, uburinganire bw'ibirahure, igihe cy'ingendo, ubushobozi bwo gupompa, imiterere y'isoko, n'ubushobozi bw'umukoresha.
Ibi ni ingenzi cyane cyane ku bijyanye n'imodoka n'ibicuruzwa bikoreshwa n'abaguzi, aho imiterere ihamye y'ibikoresho bikoreshwa mu gupima ibintu bitandukanye akenshi iba ingenzi kimwe n'imikorere y'ibara ry'umutuku.
9. Guhindura ibikoresho bigomba gushingira ku gisabwa cyose cyo kubitunganya
Nta mashini ikoreshwa mu gusiga ifu isanzwe ikwiriye buri mashini ikoreshwa mu gusiga ifu ikoresheje pulasitiki.
Sisitemu ikwiye igomba gukorwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa byihariye by'umusaruro, harimo ibikoresho bya pulasitiki, ingano y'ibice, imiterere y'imiterere y'ibikoresho, ibikoresho byo gusiga, imiterere ikenewe, imikorere y'urumuri, ibisabwa kugira ngo birambe, ubushobozi bwo gukora buri munsi, n'urwego rw'imikorere y'ibikoresho.
Ku bice byoroheje bya pulasitiki bifite imitako, sisitemu yoroshye yo guhumeka ishobora kuba ihagije. Ku bice by'imodoka bigoye cyangwa ibicuruzwa bisaba urwego rwinshi rw'imikorere, sisitemu ifite imikorere myinshi ihuza magnetron sputtering, evaporation, plasma treatment, na protection coating tekiniki ishobora gutanga uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora.
Ibikoresho bigomba kandi gutanga igenzura rihagije ry’imikorere n’igenzura kugira ngo bigumane ibipimo bihamye mu gihe cyo gukora ibintu mu buryo buhoraho.
Gukoresha ibyuma bya pulasitiki ni uruvange rw'ubumenyi bw'ibikoresho, ikoranabuhanga rya vacuum, fiziki ya plasma, ubwubatsi bw'imikorere yo gusiga, n'igishushanyo mbonera cy'uburyo bwo gukora. Guhitamo ibikoresho byo gusiga vacuum ntibishobora gushingira gusa ku bunini bw'icyumba cyangwa ubushobozi bwo gupompa.
Ibikoresho bya substrate bigena ibisabwa by'ibanze ku bushyuhe n'ubuso; imiterere y'igice igena akarere gafite akamaro ko gusigamo irangi n'imiterere y'ibikoresho; imikorere y'ubushyuhe ikagira ingaruka ku kugenzura imyuka isohoka no kudahindagurika kw'imikorere; ikoranabuhanga ryo gushyiramo irangi rigena ibikoresho bihari byo gusigamo irangi n'imiterere ya firime; mu gihe ubushobozi bwo gukora bugena ikoreshwa ry'icyumba n'urwego rw'imikorere.
Ku bakora ibicuruzwa biva mu iterambere ry’ibipimo bijya mu musaruro mwinshi, intego y’ingenzi ni ugushyiraho inzira ihamye kandi ishobora gusubirwamo aho gusiga ibipimo bingana, gufatana, kugaragara neza, umusaruro, no kwizerwa igihe kirekire bishobora kugumana icyizere icyarimwe.
Mu guhuza ibikoresho byo gusiga irangi ry’icyuma n’imiterere nyayo n’ibisabwa mu musaruro w’ibice bya pulasitiki, abakora ibikoresho bashobora kugera ku bwiza buhamye mu gutunganya ibyuma mu gihe bagabanya uburyo bwo guhindura imikorere, imyanda y’ibikoresho, n’ikiguzi cyo kubitunganya.
-Iyi nkuru yasohotse nauruganda rukora ibikoresho byo gusiga irangi ry'umwukaZhenhua Vacuum
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: Nzeri-05-2026