Ka dib markii la helay saamaynta sawir-qaadista ee Europe 1863, Maraykanku wuxuu sameeyay unug sawir-qaade ah oo ugu horreeyay (Se) 1883. Maalmihii hore, unugyada sawir-qaadista ayaa inta badan loo isticmaali jiray hawada, militariga iyo goobaha kale. 20kii sano ee la soo dhaafay, hoos u dhaca weyn ee qiimaha photovolta...
1. Substrate-ka nadiifinta bamka 1.1) Mashiinka daahan dahaarka leh waxay isticmaalaan dareere dhalaal si aad u nadiifiso substrate-ka. Taasi waa in la yiraahdo, ku dallac gaaska argon qolka, korantada sii deyntu waxay ku dhowdahay 1000V, Ka dib marka la shido korontada, dareere dhalaalaya ayaa soo baxaya, substrate-ka waxaa lagu nadiifiyaa ...
Maadaama qalabka dahaarka faakuumka uu ku shaqeeyo xaaladaha faakuumka, qalabku waa inuu buuxiyaa shuruudaha vacuum ee deegaanka. Heerarka warshadaha ee noocyada kala duwan ee qalabka daahan vacuum ee laga sameeyay dalkayga (oo ay ku jiraan xaaladaha farsamada guud ee qalabka daahan vacuum,...
Vacuum ion plating (Ion plating for short) waa tignoolajiyad cusub oo daawaynta dusha sare ah oo si xawli ah loo sameeyay 1970-meeyadii, taas oo ay soo jeedisay DM Mattox oo ka tirsan Shirkadda Somdia ee dalka Maraykanka 1963. Waxa loola jeedaa habka isticmaalka isha uumiga ama uumi-baxa bartilmaameedka si uu uumi u baxo ama u xajiyo...
① Filimka ka hortagga milicsiga. Tusaale ahaan, kamaradaha, mashruucyada slide-yada, mashruucyada, mashruuc-sameeyaha filimada, telescopes, muraayadaha indhaha, iyo filimada MgF hal-lakab ah ee ku dahaaran muraayadaha iyo muraayadaha aaladaha indhaha ee kala duwan, iyo filimada laba-lakab ama lakabyo badan oo ka-hortagga milicsiga ee ka kooban SiOFrO2, AlO, ...
① Xakamaynta wanaagsan iyo ku celcelinta dhumucda filimka Haddii dhumucda filimka lagu xakameyn karo qiime hore loo go'aamiyay waxaa loo yaqaannaa xakamaynta dhumucda filimka. Dhumucda filimka loo baahan yahay ayaa lagu soo celin karaa marar badan, taas oo loo yaqaanno dhumucda filimka.
1. Heerarka uumiga ayaa saameyn ku yeelan doona guryaha daahan la uumibixiyey Heerka uumiga ayaa saameyn weyn ku leh filimka la shubay. Sababtoo ah qaab dhismeedka daahan ee lagu sameeyay heerka dhigaalka hooseeya waa dabacsan oo sahlan in la soo saaro dhigista walxaha waaweyn, aad bay ammaan u tahay in la doorto uumiga sare ...